Exam 4: Urinary System Flashcards by Melanie Walukonis

List functions of the kidney

fluid/electrolyte balance
acid-base balance
BP regulation
endocrine
activate vitamin D

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What two endocrine substances does the kidney secrete?

Renin
Erythropoietin

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Renal Lobe

fused subunits of kidney (all domestic mammals)

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Renal Papilla

apex of renal pyramid

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Renal column

sides between pyramids

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What is different about the pig kidney?

papillae show fused cortical parts of renal lobes

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Renal Crest

formed by fused papillae
in dog, cat, horse, small ruminant

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Area cribosa

part of renal crest where urine is discharged

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Papillary ducts

empty urine
have papillary foramina (little opens in ducts)

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Unilobar vs. Multilobar Kidneys

unilobar- papillae form renal crest
multilobar- many papillae, NO crest

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What animals have a unilobar kidney?

cat, dog, horse, small ruminant

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What animals have a multilobar kidney?

pig, large ruminant, humans

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What are 2 parts of microanatomy of kidney?

Fibrous capsule
Parenchyma

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What tissue makes up outer layer of fibrous capsule of kidney?

DICCT

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What tissue makes up inner layer of fibrous capsule of kidney?

smooth muscle (except cat)

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What is the parenchyma of kidney?

“functional” tissue of the organ

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What two things make up the uriniferous tubules of the parenchyma of the kidney?

nephron + collecting duct

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Where are renal corpuscles located in the kidney?

cortex only

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What 3 structures are seen in the cortex of the kidney?

renal corpuscles
medullary rays
cortical labyrinth

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What are medullary rays?

longitudinal bundles of tubules
“radiating” from medulla into cortex

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What is the cortical labyrinth?

area between medullary rays

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What structures are within the cortical labyrinth? (3)

proximal + distal convoluted tubules
renal corpuscles

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What are the 6 segments of the nephron?

Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule
Thin tubule
Distal straight tubule
Distal convoluted tubule

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What are the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule?

parietal layer
visceral layer

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What tissue type is the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule made of?

simple squamous epithelium

What unique structure is present in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

podocytes

What are the 3 parts of the podocytes?

primary process secondary process (pedicel) filtration slits

What two things make up the renal corpuscle?

glomerulus + capsule

Vascular pole

part of renal corpuscle where afferent arteriole enters and efferent leaves

Tubular (urinary) pole

part of renal corpuscle that continues as proximal convoluted tubule

Urinary space

space between parietal and visceral layers of the glomerulus

What 3 things make the filtration barrier?

Porous endothelium Basement membrane Filtration slit membrane

Mesangial cell function + location

influence glomerular filtration between glomerular capillaries

Which nephron segment is the longest?

proximal convoluted tubule

Which nephron segment is seen most often?

proximal convoluted tubule

Where is the proximal convoluted tubule located?

cortical labyrinth in cortex

How does proximal convoluted tubule stain/appear on microscopy?

bright pink cytoplasm "fuzzy" border

Proximal straight tubule is equivalent to (descending/thick | ascending/thick) limb of Loop of Henle

descending / thick

Distal straight tubule is equivalent to (descending/thick | ascending/thick) limb of Loop of Henle

ascending / thick

How does the distal convoluted tubule appear on microscopy?

smaller cells, see more nuclei NO brush border = smooth luminal surface

What segments of the nephron make up the Loop of Henle?

proximal straight tubule thin tubule distal straight tubule

What is the Loop of Henle's function?

hypertonicity increase Na+/water concentration = urine concentration

What is the macula densa? What segment of the nephron is it part of?

part of distal straight tubule next to renal corpuscle

What is the function of the Macula Densa?

Na/Cl ion chemoreceptor cells to relay into to JG cells

Where is the distal convoluted tubule located?

cortical labyrinth only

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

sodium reabsorption potassium secretion

What is the distal convoluted tubule dependent on?

aldosterone

What disease occur with lack of aldosterone?

Addison's Disease

What is the function of the collecting tubule?

move urine into renal pelvis via papillary ducts recover good materials so bad can be excreted

What tissue type is the collecting tubule made of?

simple cuboidal epithelium

List order of arterial supply of kidney

aorta --> renal A --> interlobar A --> arcuate A --> interlobular A --> afferent arteriole --> glomerulus --> efferent arteriole --> 3 different pathways

What are the 3 pathways that the efferent arteriole supplies blood to the kidney?

- peritubular plexus - arteriolae rectae spuriae - arteriolae rectae verae

What does the peritubular plexus supply blood to?

outer cortical nephrons

What does the arteriolae rectae spuriae supply blood to?

juxtamedullary nephrons (deep in medulla)

What does the arteriolae rectae verae supply blood to?

medulla

What are end arteries in the renal lobule?

arterial branches w/o collateral blood supply

What are the 3 parts of the Juxtamedullary Apparatus?

Macula Densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangial cells

What are Juxtaglomerular cells?

modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of afferent arteriole

What are the functions of JG cells?

release Renin (when pressure low) Convert Angiotensinogen --> Angiotensin I

What is the Renal Stroma?

loose connective tissue between all tubules

What is the function of the Renal Stroma?

produce fibers / prostaglandins to influence flow

What are two differences about the cat kidney?

capsular veins lipid droplets

Function of Capsular Veins

collect blood from outer part of cortex and drain into hilus

Where are lipid droplets located in cat kidneys?

proximal convoluted / straight tubules

What is different about the Macula Densa of the horse?

composed of stratified squamous epithelium (instead of simple) unknown functional difference

What substance influences water reabsorption in the collecting tubule?

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone / vasopressin)

What disease results from no ADH production?

Diabetes Insipidus

Renal Pelvis

expanded end ofo ureter

Which species doesn't have a renal pelvis?

bovine kidney

(T/F) The Renal Pelvis and the Ureter are the same microscopically.

True

What is the only difference in the ureter and urinary bladder microscopically?

thickness (bladder has thicker smooth muscle layers than ureter)

What tissue type lines the Tunica mucosa-submucosa of the ureter/bladder?

transitional epithelium = "urothelium"

Within the Tunica mucosa-submucosa, what 2 possible tissue types can the lamina propria-submucosa made of?

Loose CT or DICCT

(T/F) Glands are present in the Tunica mucosa-submucosa of the ureter/bladder.

False - except horses

What muscle makes up the Tunica muscularis of the ureter/bladder?

Detrusor M

How many smooth muscle layers are in the Tunica muscularis of the ureter/bladder?

The smooth muscle layers of the Tunica muscularis are oriented as follows: (longitudinal/circular), (longitudinal/circular), (longitudinal/circular).

inner longitudinal middle circular outer longitudinal

What are the two ways the bladder differs from the ureter?

star-shaped lumen for distention thicker muscle layers

What is the difference between the visceral peritoneum of the dog vs. cat?

cat- fully covers bladder/ureter dog- covers most, not all bladder/ureter

What is the outer-most layer of the ureter/bladder called that is easily damaged with microscopy prep?

Tunica Adventitia/Serosa

What is different about the Propria submucosa of the ureter of the horse?

mucous glands present = cloudy urine

The horse has mucous glands present in the (cranial/caudal) half of the ureter.

Cranial half

What are the 3 Tunics of the Female Urethra?

Tunica mucosa-submucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica adventitia

What tissue type is the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the female urethra?

transitional epithelium

(T/F) The Tunica mucosa-submucosa of the ureter/bladder/urethra have a lamina muscularis.

False

What lamina propria of the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the female urethra is made of what tissue type? What unique structures are within?

Loose CT large vascular sinuses

(T/F) The Tunica adventitia is present in the female urethra, but no Tunica serosa is present.

True

Exam 4: Urinary System Flashcards

(87 cards)