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Microanatomy > Epithelium > Flashcards

Epithelium Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Structure: Wider than tall |
Function: passage, transport (ex. blood in circulatory)
Location: lining of: blood vessel | lymph vessel | closed body cavities | some tubules | cornea

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2
Q

Types of Simple Squamous Epithelium & Location

A

Endothelium: line blood vessels & lymph vessels
Mesothelium: line closed body cavities, cover organs

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3
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Structure: same length & width (judgement-based)
Function: ducts to carry secretory product
Location: line: ducts of glands (salivary) | kidney ducts

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4
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Structure: taller than wide
plan or modified (+/- goblet cells/microvilli)
Function: protective | immune cells | secretory/absorptive
Location: line: gall bladder | GI tract | organs for
secretion/absorption

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5
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelia (Types & Structure)

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium

All cells contact basement membrane but not all reach free surface

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6
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Structure: all cells attach to BM, not all reach surface | taller than wide | +/- modification (goblet cells, cilia, microvilli) | no line of nuclei at surface
Function: absorption
Location: line: respiratory tract | reproductive tract

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7
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium w/ Goblet Cells (F)

A

Function: mucus secretion to prevent dehydration

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8
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium w/ Cilia (F)

A

Function: trapping

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9
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium w/ Stereocilia (S&F)

A

Structure: actin | finger-like projections
Function: fluid-absorption

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10
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Structure: increase size as layers closer to surface | “pillow-shaped” | no epithelial pegs
Function: stretching
Location: urinary tract

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11
Q

Apical Membrane Extensions (purpose & types)

A

Mediates absorption & secretion into lumen b/c epithelial cells have sealed apical ends

Types: Microvilli | Glycocalyx | Stereocilia | Cilia/Flagella

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12
Q

Microvilli

A

Structure: actin filaments for anchorage
Function: increase surface area for absorption
Location: epithelia of kidney & intestine

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13
Q

Brush Border

A

Microvilli + Glycocalyx
Seen as striated border
Function: absorption

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14
Q

Glycocalyx

A

“Cell coat” of glycoproteins | rich in carbohydrates
Protect free surface of epithelia

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15
Q

Stereocilia

A

Structure: “finger-like” projections | actin | very long
Function: fluid-absorption
Location: epithelium of epididymis | inner ear

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16
Q

Cilia / Flagella

A

Structure: uniform | axoneme (skeleton) from microtubules
inserted into basal body (centriole); anchored in cytoplasm
Single cilia = flagella
Function: bending, motility (by ATP w dynein motor protein)

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17
Q

Junctions (F & Types)

A

Function: strength | hold cells together
Types:
Impermeable Junction = Zonula Occludens (tight junction)
Adhering Junction = Zonula Adherens (terminal web/bar, desmosome)
Communicating Junction = Gap Junction (Nexus)

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18
Q

Zonula Occludens

A

Impermeable junction | “tight junction”
Structure: network-like | multiple belts of adhesion
Function: controls diffusion | strong seal of junction

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19
Q

Zonula Adherens

A

Adhering Junction | Terminal Bar & Terminal Web
Structure: filled w/ transmem proteins | actin (microfilaments) insert electron-dense plaque
Function: attach cytoplasm of cells together | strength/contraction

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20
Q

Terminal Web (S&F)

A

Structure: layering / network of actin across cell
Function: Strength & Increase Surface Area

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21
Q

Macula Adherens

A

Adhering Junction | Desmosome
Structure: VERY strong | disc shape | intermediate filament (cytokeratin) insert into plaques –> form hairpin loops
Complete desmosomes: between cells
Hemidesmosomes: to basal lamina
Function: adhesion of cells

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22
Q

Communicating Junction

A

Gap Junction (Nexus)
Structure: bridged by connexons (hexamer)
Function: intercellular communication | nutrition

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23
Q

Connexons

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A

Protein in Gap Junction (Communicating Junction) that creates a pore & allows for Ca2+ transfer, membrane depolarization, and nutrients across cell

24
Q

Basal Cell Membrane

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A

NOT basement membrane
Structure: part of cell membrane below impermeable junction & contacts extracellular fluid compartment
Has Na/K pumps | hormone receptors | vesicles for transport across cells
Hemidesmosomes attach BCM to BM

25
Basement Membrane
Structure: basal lamina + reticular lamina Function: attachment & orientation of epithelium | exchange/filtration through basal lamina (ie capillary)
26
Hemidesmosomes
Macula Adherens (Adhering Junction) Attaches BCM to BM
27
Basal Lamina
Part of basement membrane Secreted by Epithelium Structure: electron-dense | collagen IV network | laminin glycoprotein | proteoglycan w/ heparan sulfate= (-) charge for attachment | rich in carbs Stain: w/ PAS
28
Reticular Lamina
Part of basement membrane Secreted by Connective Tissue Structure: reticular fibers of collagen type III & VII (irregular fibers) + elastic elements (for stretching)
29
Stratified Squamous Epithelium (S & Types)
Structure: flat cells on surface Types: Nonkeratinized or Keratinized
30
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Structure: NO dry layer | visible nuclei | wet surfaces (no need for corneum layer) | "pegs" Layers: Stratum Superficiale (top) | Spinosum ("spiny" desmosomes) | Basale (attach to BM) Location: wet surfaces | carnivore esophagus | anterior cornea
31
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Structure: Cornified top layer | "pegs" for anchoring Layers: Stratum corneum (nuclei invisible, dead cell layer, many filaments) | Lucidum (translucent, thin) | Granulosum (granules) | Spinosum (spiny/desmosomes) | Basale (bottom | hemidesmosomes) Location: hairless areas | paw pads | nose | body openings
32
Keratin Types & Location
Soft: pliable | low sulfur | high lipid Location: epidermis (skin) Hard: non-pliable | high sulfur | low lipid Location: claw | horn | fingernail
33
Keratinization Process
-Starts in stratum spinosum -Keratin synthesis/accumulation (cytokeratin) until replaces active cytoplasm -Lysosomal enzymes & hydrolysis of nonkeratinized cells (golgi, mito, nuclei)
34
Stratified Cuboidal / Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Structure: bistratified (2 cell layers) | surface row of nuclei | nuclei height indicates cuboidal v columnar Function: carry secretory product Location: large excretory ducts of glands | esophageal glands | distal urethra
35
Exocrine Glands
Empty secretion into duct system Contact with body surface Example: tear | sweat | mammary glands
36
Endocrine Glands
Empty secretion directly into blood ("ductless") No contact with body surface Location: thyroid | adrenal | pituitary
37
Exocrine Gland Classifications
Morphological Characteristics Nature of Secretory Product Mode of Release of Secretory Product
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Simple Glands
Exocrine Single, unbranched duct Types: Simple Tubular Branched Tubular Coiled Tubular Simple Acinar
39
Simple Tubular Glands
Single, straight secretory unit Empties directly into lumen of organ
40
Branched Tubular Glands
Top gland opening, then branching
41
Coiled Tubular Glands
Coiled (bottom portion) and straight segment to surface Location: skin, ear canal
42
Simple Acinar Gland
Enlarged secretory unit | spherical Location: sebaceous glands (ie hair follicle)
43
Compound Glands
Extensive, branched duct system Structures in compound glands: Lobules Interlobular ducts (excretory duct) Intralobular ducts (secretory duct | intercalated duct)
44
Excretory Duct
Interlobular duct Structure: Large | lined with simple or stratified epithelium Function: transfer secretory unit --> action site
45
Secretory Duct
Type of Intralobular Duct Structure: lined with simple columnar epithelium Function: contribute to secretory product
46
Intercalated Duct
Type of Intralobular Duct Structure: lined with simple cuboidal epith Function: connect secretory unit w/ secretory duct
47
Gland Structures Classified by Nature of Secretory Product
Mucous secretory unit Serous secretory unit Mucoserous secretory unit Acinus Alveolus
48
Mucous Secretory Unit
Structure: nuclei "flattened" at base | columnar/cuboidal shape Function: secrete mucin (light stain!)
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Serous Secretory Unit
Structure: prominent | red stain | pyramidal shape Function: watery secretion
50
Mucoserous Secretory Unit
Structure: mixed | mucous + serous cells | slightly darker stain | can split L/R, random, tubular/cap Function: empty product (water/mucin) into intercellular canaliculi (canals between cells)
51
Acinus
Secretory unit w/ small lumen (low fill volume) Location: pancreas
52
Alveolus
Secretory unit w/ large lumen (fill large volume) Location: mammary gland
53
Merocrine Secretion
Aka eccrine No visible change to cell integrity Release via exocytosis Location: salivary gland
54
Apocrine Secretion
Secretion w/ change to cell integrity Cytoplasm "pinched off" into lumen of gland Location: sweat gland | mammary gland
55
Holocrine Secretion
Entire cell lost as secretory product Rod-shaped nuclei = cell necrosis (secretion) Location: sebaceous gland --> sebum
56
Myoepithelial Cells
Modified epithelium w/ ability for contraction Forces product out of secretory unit into the duct

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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