Endocrine System (Exam 1) Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Definition of endocrine glands
A
organ with major function to release product into extracellular fluid
2
Q
(T/F) Endocrine glands have ducts.
A
false - ductless!
3
Q
Endocrine glands secrete directly into (intracellular/extracellular) fluid.
A
extracellular (usually blood)
4
Q
3 Characteristics of Endocrine Glands
A
ductless
secrete directly onto extracellular fluid
produce hormone that act on organs
5
Q
Endocrine Glands Function
A
act as an intermediate
coordinate activities with nervous system
6
Q
______ cells mainly make up the structure of endocrine glands.
A
parenchymal
7
Q
Endocrine glands have extensive _____ and _____.
A
blood supply
lymph drainage
8
Q
Name 6 non-endocrine organs with endocrine function
A
thymus
kidney
GI tract
ovary
testis
heart
9
Q
The thymus has endocrine function due to what two substances?
A
thymosin
thymopoietin
10
Q
What are thymosin & thymopoietin?
A
glycoproteins that regulate T cell conversion & stimulate function in secondary lymphatics
11
Q
What two substances does the kidney have gives it endocrine function?
A
erythropoietin
renin
12
Q
Function of Erythropoietin
A
stimulates RBC development in bone marrow
13
Q
Function of Renin
A
regulation of blood pressure
14
Q
What two substances are in the GI tract that give it an endocrine function?
A
gastrin
CCK (cholecystokinin)
15
Q
What two hormones does the ovary produce that give it an endocrine function?
A
estrogen
progesterone
16
Q
Function of Estrogen & Progesterone
A
normal female reproductive system
produce oocytes
pregnancy conditions
17
Q
What hormone is produced by the testis that gives it endocrine function?
A
testosterone
18
Q
Function of Testosterone
A
normal spermatogenesis
male sexual behavior
19
Q
What substance is the in the heart that gives it endocrine function?
A
atrial natriuretic factor (atrial peptide)
20
Q
Location of Hypophysis
A
attaches to hypothalamus
sits in sella turcica
21
Q
Two main parts of hypophysis
A
adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis
22
Q
4 Parts of Adenohypophysis
A
pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia
hypophyseal cavity (+/-)
23
Q
What two parts of the adenohypophysis is the hypophyseal cavity between?
A
pars distalis and pars intermedia
24
Q
The hypophyseal cavity is a remnant of _____.
A
lumen of adenohypophyseal pouch
25
3 Parts of the Neurohypophysis
infundibulum
neural lobe (pars nervosa)
infundibular recess
26
What are the two parts of the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis?
median eminence
stem/stalk
27
The median eminence is part of the (adenohypophysis/neurohypophysis) and attaches to the _______.
neurohypophysis
hypothalamus
28
Another name for median eminence is ______.
tuber cinereum
29
What is the terminal bulge of neural tissue in the neurohypophysis?
neural lobe (pars nervosa)
30
The infundibular recess is an extension of _________ and ____ is present.
third ventricle
CSF
31
The infundibulum is an evagination of (neural/oral) ectoderm and grows (dorsally toward / ventrally from) the oral cavity.
neural ectoderm
dorsally toward
32
The adenohypophyseal pouch (Rathke's) is an evagination of (neural/oral) ectoderm and grows (dorsally toward / ventrally from) the oral cavity
oral ectoderm
ventrally from
33
(T/F) The infundibulum remains attached to neural ectoderm when fully formed.
True
but the adenohypophyseal pouch unattaches
34
________ Aa are branches of the Cerebral Arterial Circle and supply blood to the pituitary and hypothalamus.
Hypophyseal Aa
35
Order of Hypophyseal Portal System
hypophyseal Aa --> median eminence --> primary capillary plexus --> hypophyseal portal Vv through pars tuberalis --> pars distalis --> secondary capillary plexus
36
The hypophyseal portal system supplies blood to:
median eminence
pars tuberalis
pars distalis
37
(T/F) The hypophyseal portal system supplies blood to the neural lobe.
False
38
What supplies blood to the neural lobe?
its own capillary plexus (from separate set of hypophyseal Aa)
39
Does the hypothalamus regulate through hypophyseal portal system? Neural lobe?
Yes
No
40
What special stain is used to ID cells in the adenohypophysis?
Orange G-PAS technique
41
Chromophils vs. Chromophobes
chromophils take up stain
chromophobes take up NO stain
42
Two types of chromophils
acidophils
basophils
43
What are the 2 types of acidophils?
somatotropic | mammotropic
44
What are the 3 types of basophils?
thyrotropic | gonadotropic | corticotropic
45
What color do acidophils stain?
yellow
46
What color do basophils stain?
red
47
Which cell type in adenohypophysis produces growth hormone?
somatotropic cells
48
What growth hormone do somatotropic cells produce?
somatotropin
49
Two functions of somatotropic cells
1. metabolic effects
2. stimulate epiphyseal cartilage growth
50
What do mammotropic cells produce?
prolactin
51
Function of prolactin produced by mammotrophs?
normal lactation
stimulate mammary development & maternal behavior
52
What do thyrotropic cells produce?
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone / thyrotropin)
53
What is TSH?
glycoprotein that stimulates making + release of thyroid hormones (T3/T4)
54
What two hormones do Gonadotropic cells produce?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
55
Function of FSH in male
stimulate spermatogenesis
56
Function of FSH in female
stimulate early follicular development
57
Function of LH in female
follicular maturation + ovulation
58
Function of LH in male
stimulate testosterone secretion
59
What do Corticotropic cells produce?
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
60
What is ACTH? Function?
polypeptide hormone
stimulates making/release of glucocorticoids + androgens from adrenal cortex
61
Where are Melanotrophs located?
pars intermedia
62
What do Melanotrophs secrete?
a-MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
63
What are Pituicytes (Neurohypophyseal cells)
glial cells in pituitary gland that differ from other glial cell types
64
What are Herring Bodies?
extracellular accumulations of hormonal secretory product
65
Cell Types in Pars Distalis
ALL cell types present
66
Cell Types in Pars Tuberalis
some basophils, NO acidophils
67
Cell Types in Pars Intermedia
few basophils, melanotrophs
68
How does the hypothalamus regulate the pituitary gland?
hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal system
69
Two cell types in the neurohypophysis?
Herring bodies
Neurohypophyseal cells (pituicytes)
70
How does the hypothalamus regulate the adenohypophysis?
-hypophysiotropic area neuron cell bodies
-axons project to median eminence/primary capillary plexus
-stimulating factors are released
71
How does hypothalamus regulate neurohypophysis?
through hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system
72
What two collections of cell bodies in hypothalamus have axons in neurohypophysis?
supraoptic + paraventricular nuclei
73
Supraoptic & Paraventricular Nuclei cell bodies produce _____ & _____.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
oxytocin
74
Function of ADH
increase water permeability in medullary collecting ducts (concentrate urine, reabsorb water)
75
Function of Oxytocin
stimulate contraction of uterine smooth muscle + myoepithelial cells in mammary gland
76
What are the left and right lobes of the thyroid gland connected by?
isthmus
77
The thyroid gland is formed by caudally growing (endoderm/mesoderm/ectoderm).
endoderm
78
Term for caudally growing endoderm which forms thyroid gland
thyroglossal duct
79
Thyroid follicles are filled with ______.
colloid (fluid)
80
Function of colloid
stores thyroid hormone (part of thyroglobulin)
81
Characteristic epithelial cell types of follicular cells
simple squamous to columnar
82
2 cell types in the thyroid gland
follicular cells
parafollicular cells
83
Function of follicular cells in thyroid
secrete colloid
84
Another name for parafollicular cells
C cells
85
Function of Parafollicular Cells
produce calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)
86
____ stimulates the pituitary and _____ cells produce thyroid hormones and ingest colloid to free thyroid hormones.
TSH
follicular cells
87
What are the two thyroid hormones?
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
88
4 Effects of Thyroid Hormone
up basal metabolic rate
up carb absorption in intestine
regulate lipid metabolism
body growth & fetal CNS development
89
Two Cell Types in Parathyroid Gland
principal cells
oxyphil cells
90
Dark principal cells = (active/inactive) while light = (active/inactive).
active
inactive
91
Function of Principal Cells
produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
92
Oxyphil cells of the parathyroid are (acidophilic/basophilic) and filled with ______.
acidophilic
mitochondria
93
Function of Oxyphil Cells
unknown
94
Function of Parathyroid Gland
produce PTH
release PTH
95
What is parathormone (PTH)?
polypeptide that maintains blood calcium & phosphorus levels
96
What does PTH stimulate?
increase blood calcium
decrease blood phosphorus
97
Two divisions of the adrenal gland
cortex
medulla
98
Cortex of adrenal gland is derived from _______.
intermediate mesoderm
99
Medulla of adrenal gland is derived from _______.
neural crest cells (ectoderm)
100
What tissue type makes up the adrenal gland capsule?
DICCT
101
What are the 3 zones of the cortex in the adrenal gland (superficial to deep)?
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
102
Function of zona glomerulosa
produce mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
103
What additional structure is seen in the zona fasciculata?
lipid droplets
104
Function of zona fasciculata
produce glucocorticoids (cortisol)
105
Function of zona reticularis
produces cortisol + androgen
106
Innervation of medulla of adrenal gland
only sympathetic preganglionic neurons
107
What are cells found in the medulla of the adrenal gland called? Why?
chromaffin cells
affinity for chromium salts
108
Two types of chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla
Epinephrine (light) cells
Norepinephrine (dark) cells
109
Epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion is stimulated by _______ from SNS preganglionic neurons.
acetylcholine
110
What 3 cell types/structures are present in the pineal gland?
pinealocytes
glial cells
corpora arenacea
111
Function of pinealocytes
produce melatonin
112
(T/F) Melatonin suppresses or stimulates gonadotropin secretion.
True
113
Two types of gonadotropin
FSH
LH
114
Glial cells are known as _______.
fibrous astrocytes
115
What structures in the pineal gland are laminated and increase size and number with age?
corpora arenacea (brain sand)
116
What 4 cell types are present in the pancreatic islets?
A (alpha)
B (beta)
D (delta)
F cells
117
Function of A cells
produce glucagon --> increase BG level
118
Function of B cells
produce insulin --> decrease BG level
119
Function of D cells
produce somatostatin --> decrease pancreatic exocrine secretion
120
Function of F cells
produce pancreatic polypeptide --> inhibit pancreatic secretion of exocrine, bicarb, enzyme, bile
