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ANAT 261 > digestive system III and IV > Flashcards

digestive system III and IV Flashcards

1
Q

name layers of general plan of digestive system

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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2
Q

describe mucosa of general plan

A

epi = continous with oral cavity, nonkeratinized strat squa epi
lp = loose ct
muscularis mucosae = separates mucosa from submucosa, muscle tissue, most developed in esophagus- see fibers

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3
Q

describe submucosa of general plan

A

loose or dense ct

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4
Q

describe muscularis of general plan

A

2 sublayers = internal circular and external longitudinal *smooth muscle nuclei, different sections
3 sublayers in stomach

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5
Q

describe serosa of general plan

A

called adventitia untill diaphragm

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6
Q

why does digestive system look wavy

A

due to fixation

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7
Q

describe submucosal glands

A

has many glands
esophageal/mucous
mucous glands called esophageal glands - lubrication for food stuff to slide down easier

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8
Q

describe esophageal glands

A

have duct that runs up through submucosa, muscularis mucosae and to lumen to release mucous in esophagus

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9
Q

describe the stomach

A

dilated segment of digestive tract
main action is to add an acidic fluid - pH 2 - to ingested food to transform it into a viscous mass called chyme
Secretes intrinsic factor - essential to absorb vitamin b12
produces hormones like gastrin - hormone for digestion

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10
Q

describe stomach mucosa

A

described as pits or glands = invaginations all along stomach - to increase SA - amount of space for cells to come into contact with food stuff- to breakdown

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11
Q

describe stomach epithelium

A

simple columnar
rest on bm

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12
Q

describe when esophagus empties into stomach

A

cardia - 1cm tiny area
fundus
body - gastic region, rest of stomach
Pyloric region = stomach ends, empties into duodenum of si

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13
Q

describe muscularis of stomach

A

3 layers
outer longitudinal
inner circular
Oblique layer - force to mix contents of stomach
makes food stuff acidic = chyme

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14
Q

describe stomach submucosa and serosa

A

dense and loose ct
not thin
serosa= connects stomach to visceral peritoneum

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15
Q

describe pits and glands

A

pits = cells very different from glands, closer to lumen
Glands = base of lumen

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16
Q

describe tight junctions - story of stomach

A

people used to think that tight junctions would erode - degrade and leak stomach acid - causes ulcers
but actually caused by helio bacter pylori
90% of ulcers can be cured by antibiotics
grad student took bacteria and got ulcers and took antibiotics and got better

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17
Q

name ratios for each region of stomach and why

A

cardia =1:1
pyloric = 2:1
gastric = 1:3
ratio based on length/size, guestimation

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18
Q

what is neck region

A

around where pit turns to gland

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19
Q

describe surface mucous cell

A

very important
carbohydrate rich, glycoproteins, describes as visible mucous - due to cloudy appearance
forms a thick viscous gel like coat, mucous super dense and thick, adheres to epithelial surface
high bicarbonate concentration = local buffering
columnar cells
most apical - makes mucous and protects stomach from stomach acid - neutralizes stomach acid at layer of mucosa
tight junctions, desmosomes, mucous granules - carb rich, glycoproetins, rests on bm
mitochondria, nucleus
electron dense

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20
Q

describe mucous neck cells

A

mucous much more soluble - protection
not as viscous or thick
want things to be able. to travel from base of gland to lumen
funnny shape
tight junctions on either side
secretory granules, central nuclei
stil protects from acidic environment of stomach

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21
Q

describe zymogenic - chief/peptic cells

A

tight junctions, bm, central nuclei, lots of er and golgi
Makes hormones or digestive enzymes = secretory granules
converts pepsinogen –> pepsin, breaksdown amino acid bond
makes enzymes to breakdown foot and fat- lipase
releases secretory granules into lumen of gland portion of epithelium
further breakdown in stomach or si - also these cells in si

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22
Q

describe argentaffin - enteroendocrine cells

A

argentaffin bc stain silver
argentaffin granules = gastrin, serotonin, histamine, VIP, glucagon and somatostatin
funky cell
Hard to see in h&E stain
central nuclei - rests on bm
makes hormones responsible for digestive tract
does not release contents into lumen but through bm into digestive tract

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23
Q

describe parietal - oxyntic cells

A

base of gland has many
looks like fried egg
have HCl
tight junctions, rests on bm
canaliculi - run through and have microvili = increase surface area of cell

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24
Q

describe intrinsic factor

A

if none = problem making blood
vitamin b12
pernicious anemia

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25
what are atrophic gastritis
antibodies attack parietal cells and no intrinsic factor and b12 absorption = leads to pernicious anemia
26
describe carbonic anhydrase
Parietal cells make hcl that make stomach acid need carbonic anhydrase to make HCl enzymes catalyses reaction carbon dioxide plus water --> carbonic anhydrase (enzyme) --> bicarbonate .. makes HCL
27
describe SI - pathway
stomach empties to duodenum = c shaped tube, 30cm, common bile duct dumps contents into start of duodenum jejunum - 12 feet ileum - comes around into LI (colon)
28
describe small intestine functions
further digestion of partially digested macromolecules - largely by pancreatic enzymes terminal digestion of proteins, carbs, occurs at mucosal surface by enzymes of intestinal orgin and resulting aas, monosaccarides, fatty acids, monoglycerides are absorbed along si duodenum, jejunum, ileum - morphological difference at level of submucosa start to absorb food here
29
what is last part of digestion
common bile duct in duodenum and pancreatic enzymes = last part of digestion happens
30
describe duodenum
villi - top and crypts - down crypts of lieberkuhn increases SA = want to extract stuff from chyme and want cells to come in contact with it brunners glands
31
describe brunners glands
secretes an alkaline fluid - pH 9, rich in bicarbonate Neutralizes stomach acid at that site released into crypts common bile duct = because pancreatic enzymes work at neutral pH
32
describe jejunum
eruptions of submucosa push into mucosa plicae circularis - valve of kerking, eruptions of mucosa increases surface area = contact with food stuff need invaginations = crypts and villi pushes villi up lined by simple columnar
33
describe ileum
basic plan, nothing special
34
describe plicae circularis
extend around one half /two thirds of circumference of lumen of si well developed in jejunum increases surface area of mucosa by 3
35
describe transition between stomach and si
pits change to villi and glands are now submucosal - brunners
36
describe paneth cells
base of crypts release lysozymes, and breakdown bacteria cell wall through Bm LOTS OF mitosis - many mitotic sections base of crypt - villi, cells divide a lot
37
describe enteroendocrine cells
release hormones down under bm through bm regulates digestion further away - not in lumen
38
describe goblet cells
tons makes mucous lubricate and protection - like things getting stuck
39
describe columnar cells with striated border
brushborder looks like brush cells sloughing off after 3-4 days at top of vili
40
describe lamina propria of si
loose or dense ct innervation and blood supply - vessels, used to take absorbed nutrients to other parts of body lymphatics smooth muscle = contraction causes villi to move and mix food
41
where are stem cells located in si
base of crypts - can divide or differentiate much turnover in si digestive tract ~3days
42
name parts of si mucosa - general plan
villi - simple columnar crypts - simple columnar lamina propria muscularis mucosae
43
explain villi of mucosa of si
columnar cell with brush border = absorptive cell, enterocytes goblet cells M cells - microfold cells, peyers patches and galt
44
describe enterocytes - meaning
things entering through cells
45
describe GALT/peyers patches
gut associated lymphatic tissue introduces pathogens and allows body to make antibodies to it
46
explain crypts of mucosa of si
Columnar cell with brush border - absorptive cell goblet cell enteroendocrine cells - secrete cck paneth cell - lysozyme stem cell
47
what is cck
cholecystokinin contraction of gall bladder and pancreatic secretion hormone made in duodenum = enteroendocrine cells, passed through bm and goes to gallbladder, = squeezes bile to pancrease to release enzymes for digestion
48
where is food absorbed in si
enterocytes
49
describe enterocytes
brushborder on top of cell = microvilli - increase sa tight junctions stick cells together under tj = zonula adherens and below= desmosomes
50
describe components of enterocytes
dense matrix - villin, actin myosin - terminal web glycoproteins dissacharides dipeptidases alkaline phosphatase enterokinase - duodenum = trypsinogen to trypsin- breaks down aas - peptide bonds
51
describe microvilli of enterocytes
made of actin - links to actin - actin terminal web actin bundled villin - links actin bundles to pm underneath = myosin = terminal web myosin contracts = makes villi move and mixes more
52
what enzymes breakdown food stuff
many enzymes end with ases - into smallest components
53
describe chylomicrons
monoglycerides, cholesterol, fatty acids, phospholipids, oils -- non aq, want to push through PM - to blood supply = endocytosis and bring to golgi = meets apolipoprotiein - made in rer = chylomicrons makes its more water soluble and travels through blood to liver where fats are metabolized hydrophobic inside and hydrophilic outside
54
describe role of si in IgG absorption
igg molecules = passive immunity enterocytes have receptors for these plasma cells can make antibodies - igas digestive tract can see what is non self
55
what do M cells do
hey something is foreign takes bacteria and talks through lymphocyte M cells turn lymphocytes into plasma cells - to make antibodies Specialized absorptive cells huge inflammation process
56
what are lymphocytes looking for
bacteria
57
describe large intestine - parts
si feeds into back of li cecum - blind pouch, bottom of li vermiform appendix ascending, transverse and descending colon sigmoid colon and rectum
58
are there villi in large intestine
noooo just CRYPTS
59
describe tunica muscularis of large intestine
3 layers inner circular longitudinal = bundles into 3 rd thick muscle layer = contracts more force outer longitudinal = teniae coli
60
name 4 cell types of large intestine
goblet cell absorptive cell enteroendocrine cell stem cells
61
describe goblet cells of large intestine
many goblet cells to lubricate colon - thick since everything being absorbed out so need mucous usually colon cancer starts at level of goblet cells going bad
62
describe absorptive cells of large intestine
take up water and salts
63
describe enteroendocrine cells of large intestine
regulate movement of colon = squeeze
64
describe stem cells of large intestine
stem cells at bottom of crypt = divide or differentiate into cell types above

ANAT 261 (27 decks)

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