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ANAT 261 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what are glands formed from and how

A

formed from covering epithelia

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2
Q

describe exocrine glands

A

ducts and secretory portions
released on cavities or surfaces

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3
Q

describe endocrine glands

A

secretory vesicles
becomes separated from epithelium
released directly into circulation

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4
Q

name 2 endocrine glands and describe

A

pancreas and pituitary - organized into quadrants
thyroid - produces thyrotropin, follicle associated to capillaries

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5
Q

how can glandular epithelial tissue be classified - 5

A

number of cells
fate of secretion
way the secretory products leave the cell
ducts
secretory portion

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6
Q

describe classification of glands according to number of cells

A

Unicellular - goblet cell, digestive and respiratory system
multicellular (sweat gland)

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7
Q

describe classification of glands according to number of fate of secretion

A

exocrine - salivary glands, sweat glands
endocrine - endocrine pancreas

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8
Q

describe classification of glands according to how secretory products leave cell

A

merocrine - sweat gland = morphologically stays the same
holocrine - sebaceous gland = cell itself, cell death
apocrine - mammary gland = in between holo and mero, big fat globule and is released into secretion

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9
Q

describe classification of glands according to ducts

A

simple - gastic gland
compound - salivary gland

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10
Q

describe and give examples of simple ducts

A

simple tubular = gastric gland
simple coiled tubular = sweat gland
simple branched tubular = pyloric glands
simple branched acinar = trachea

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11
Q

describe and give examples of compound ducts

A

compound tubulo acinar = submandibular gland/salivary
compound tubular =
compound acinar = parotid/sublingual gland, salivary

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12
Q

describe classification of glands according to secretory portion

A

acinar (secretory portions of round) = mucous (sublingual salivary gland) and serous (parotid gland)
tubular (sweat gland - highly coiled)

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13
Q

what is function of respiratory system

A

provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from blood

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14
Q

name 2 portions of respiratory system

A

conducting
respiratory

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15
Q

what is a part of conduction portion

A

nasal cavity
nasopharynx
oropharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bonchioles (regular and terminal)

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16
Q

what is function of conducting portion

A

warming - so cells like alveolar cells wont get frozen
humidifying
cleaning
Delivery of air - cannot collapse

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17
Q

what does conducting portion posses

A

Structures to ensure uninterrupted supply of air - cartilage - to keep open, smooth muscles, connective tissue = provides some rigidity, flexibility, extensibility * elastic fibers
glands and ciliated cells to remove foreign particles

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18
Q

what is a part of respiratory portion

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
lung alveoli

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19
Q

what is function of respiratory portion

A

gas exchange takes place

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20
Q

name layers of general plan of conducting portion - trachea

A

mucosa
submuocsa
adventitia

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21
Q

describe mucosa of trachea

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, rests on bm
lamina propria, loose ct, elastic fibers, capillaries, rich in capillary network - warms air

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22
Q

describe submucosa of trachea

A

denser ct and glands
serous and mucosa acini
hyaline cartilage
trachealis muscle - smooth muscle, gap or opening filled with smooth muscle cells

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23
Q

describe hyaline cartilage in trachea

A

cricoid cartilage =complete Rings in trachea (below= incomplete)
chondrocytes ring attached by fibrous tissue

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24
Q

describe adventitia of trachea

A

dense irregular ct - connects and supports

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25
describe serous acinus
small dots at apex of all bit basophilic towards base myoepithelial cells between secretory cell and bm secretes water provides humidity
26
describe mucous acinus
nuclei compressed against cell produces glycoproteins mucous coats epithelium
27
describe serous and mucous acinus secretions
serous = fluid/liquid will evaporate and humidify air mucous = secrete mucous and glycoproteins to coat
28
what is respiratory epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
29
describe goblet cells
Secrete mucous bulky unicellular glands doesnt stain well mucous excreted by exocytosis
30
what is purpose of cilia
removes dust and particles and stuff
31
describe cells of respiratory epithelium
brush cells = have microvilli, could be sensory cells or precursors to ciliated cells short cells - stem cells, no granules small granule cell = argentaffin/dnes = diffuse neuroendocrine system, cannot see, must be silver nitrate to stain granules endocrine cell, secretes towards lp
32
describe goblet cell in greater detail
triangular shape large golgi complex - adds sugars RER = protein synthesis and initial glycosylation becomes glycoprotein packed into secretory granules and released by exocytosis
33
what is outside and inside cilia
outside = PM inside = axoneme
34
describe axoneme
complete microtubule and one incomplete one, looks like C # of subunits = 13 dots = protofilamnets 13 complete microtubules 9+2 configuration, nine pairs and 2 central
35
describe microtubule
single microtubule formed by polymerization of alpha and beta tubulin 13 subunits in cross section 9 peripheral, similar to basal bodies - centrioles wall of single microtubule = 13 protofilaments, alternating alpha tubulin and beta tubulin
36
what is centriole
very similar to basal body - at right angles almost
37
what is central sheath of axoneme
around central pair
38
what is nexin of axoneme
bind all axoneme microtubules
39
what is radial spokes of axoneme
proteins that join peripheral to central microtubules
40
what is dyenin arms of axoneme
moves cilia M2 = incomplete M1 = complete
41
what is tectins of axoneme
inside complete microtubule
42
describe basal body-centriole
protein linker triplets, M1 = complete, M2 and M3 (not continuous) = incomplete
43
name 2 mutations that affect axoneme
primary ciliary dyskinesia radial spoke protein mutations
44
describe primary ciliary dyskinesia
lack of dynein arms (mutations in genes coding dynein arms) Renders Cilia and sperm immotive or dysmotile impaired mucus clearing (bronchiectasis) chronic sinusitis Situs inversus (Kartagener's syndrome) - 50% of patients (flipped heart & organs) Male infertility * tail of spermatozoa contains axonemes
45
describe radial spoke protein mutations
results in immotile cilia & sperm Radial spokes are composed of at least 20 other proteins
46
list pathway of air entering body
trachea pulmonary bronchus regular bronchiole terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct alveolar sac lung alveoli
47
describe pulmonary bronchus
lumen epi = respiratory, less goblet cells since structure becomes smaller-they would obstruct LP = loose ct capillary network = warms ait smooth muscle cells - complete layer pieces of hyaline cartilage - small islands in submucosa, polymorphic serous acini adevntitia folded mucosa criss cross - looks like complete layer
48
what are diameters of regular and terminal bronchioles
1-3mm in diameter
49
describe regular bronchiole
epi =columnar ciliated, no goblet cells, has cilia lp = ct right under epi, almost negligible several layers smooth muscle - 4-5 layers presence of basal bodies at base of axoneme highly folded mucosa
50
describe terminal bronchiole
epi = columnar ciliated and non ciliated club cells lp= so thin almost invisible 2 layers smooth muscle cells
51
describe respiratory bronchiole
Epithelium =cuboidal club sells (transparent, see mucous) incomplete smooth muscle stretches into alveoli adventitia=thin layer with fibrocytes - also cannot see looks the same as terminal but wall is interrupted NO submucosa except SM cells
52
describe alveolar duct
respiratory bronchiole connected to branching alveolar ducts of decreasing size, alveolar ducts are delimited by knobs of smooth muscle covered by club cells and alveolar sacs around becomes squamous cells knobs of mucosa epithelium= short club cells which produce surfactant
53
what is middle of alveolar sac
atrium separated by septi (a septum- could be porous)
54
describe lung alveoli
alveolar cell type 1 and 2 = pneumocytes types 1 and 2 lots of capillaries in septum - continuous capillaries in lungs - branch from pulmonary artery interconnected by alveolar poles
55
which bronchiole is affected by asthma
regular innervated by sympathetic - relaxation and parasympathetic - produces contraction a puff of asthma medication opens lumen
56
describe club cells
transparent dont stain well no cilia secretes surfactant
57
what is surfactant
avoids collapse of cells important in tiny structures need expiration to avoid collapse
58
why are elastic fibers important in alveoli
very important for structures to expand inspiration - contract and expiration
59
describe pneumocyte type 2
Secretes surfactant bulging cells not same as club cells typical of lung alveoli club = alveolar duct, terminal and respiratory bronchioles looks pale in LM - since lipid structures in em = dark due to presence of lamellar bodies open by exocytosis into lumen and secretes surfactant and will cover surface of alveoli
60
describe endothelium capillary
lined by simple squamous epithelium on bm
61
describe pneumocyte type 1
flat cell simple squamous epi rests on bm
62
describe macrophages in septi
migrate into septum and become fixed tissue macrophage free macrophages = move everywhere, eats dust, pollution, asbestos , all particulate matter,
63
why do tattoos become permanent
due to fixed tissue macrophages
64
what do lamellar bodies in pneumocytes types 2 do
contain surfactant proteins A,B,C&D and phospholipids primarily lecithin which helps reduce the surface tension of pneumocytes type 1
65
describe blood air barrier
gas exchange structure where exchange of o2/co2 happens moves from lumen of capillary to lung alveoli
66
which structures does blood air barrier use
cytoplasm of pneumocyte type 1 BM cytoplasm of endothelial cell
67
describe BM of blood air barrier
fused bm of 2 tissues =pneumocyte type 1 and endothelial cell
68
name equation for how co2 produced in lung
2 H2CO3 + carbonic anhydrase = CO2 + H20
69
name the 3 means by which co2 is transported in blood stream
from peripheral tissues and back to lungs dissolved gas bicarbonate carbaminohemoglobin bound to hemoglobin and other proteins
70
describe respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
life threatening disorder of the lung caused by deficiency of surfactant associated with prematurity leading cause of death among premature infants treatment = recombinant surfactant or cortisone promotes synthesis of surfactant
71
describe emphysema
chronic lung disease characterized by destruction of inter-alveolar wall (septi) leading to Respiratory insufficiency major cause = cigarette smoking probably due to impairment of elastic fiber synthesis other cases = increased production of elastase by macrophages, leads to some forms of emphysema, results from degradation of elastic fibers of intra alveolar wall apoptosis elastase = will destroy elastic fibers and septum will break

ANAT 261 (27 decks)

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