Diseases of Musculoskeletal System 1 Flashcards
(28 cards)
give an example of chronic arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
What are the signs and symptoms of acute arthritis?
Pain
heat
redness
swelling
What is Osteoarthritis?
-degenerative joint disease caused by erosion of the articular cartilage (wear and tear)
-Results in the formation of bony spurs and cysts at margins of joints
-
What areas are predominantly affected in men and women by osteoarthritis?
women = hands and knees men = hips
What is the cellular basis of Osteoarthritis?
Chondrocytes are the cells which make cartilage.
In OA the chrondrocytes produce interleukin 1 which initiates matrix breakdown.
The chondrocytes also produce lytic enzymes which prevents matrix synthesis.
- cartilage break down (IL1)
- cartilage not made (lytic enzymes)
In rheumatoid arthritis who is more affected - men or women?>
Women are 3-5 times more affected
what is pannus and effect in rheumatoid arthritis?
Pannus is a sticky, inflammatory exudate between cartilage in the joint space.
RA - Growth of pannus in the joint space causes erosion of the cartilage and it penetrates into the bone causing cyst formation, inflammation and pain
What viruses causes Rheumatoid Arthritis?
EBV
Borrelia
What is the criteria for rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis?
At least 4 of the following:
1) morning stiffness
2) Arthritis in 3 or more joints
3) Arthritis of hand joints
4) symmetrical arthritis
5) Rheumatoid nodules
6) Serum Rheumatoid factor
What are sero negative arthrides?Give examples of Sero-negative arthrides.
Disease lacks rheumatoid factor.
E.g.
1) Ankylosing Spondylitis
2) Reiter’s syndrome (arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis)
3) Psoriatic arthritis
4) Enteropathic arthritis
What is Gout?
Excess uric acid in blood deposits in joints.
What are the clinical features of gout?
- acute arthritis attacks
- chronic arthritis
- Tophi in various sites
- Gouty nephropathy (uric acid kidney stones)
*tophi - masses of uric acid in joints and other sites
What is pyogenic osteomyelitis?
Infection of the bone
What are the bacteria that cause infective arthritis?
- Staphylococcus
- Streptococcus
- Gonococcus
- Mycobacteria
What is osteoporosis?
- loss of bone density
- loss of bone mass
What are the clinical features of osteroporosis?
1) Vertebral fractures
2) Kyphosis (hunch back)
3) Scoliosis (curved spine)
What can cause secondary osteoporosis?
1) Endocrine disorders e.g. Hyperparathyroidism, Type 1 diabetes,
2) Neoplasia e.g multiple melanoma
3) Malnuitrition
What causes Paget’s disease of the bone/
Paramyxovirus
What is the histological hallmark of pagets disease of bone?
mosaic pattern
Describe what happens to the bone in pagets disease?
1) Normally bone is formed and renewed by osteoblasts and osteoclasts remove old bone cells (tidy up)
2) in pagets disease the osteoclast activity is inhibited. So Osteoblasts produce new bone which is mixed with old bone forming a “collage of matrix madness” / “mosaic pattern”
3) there is a net effect of gain in bone mass
4) newly formed bone is disordered and architecturally unsound/
Who is more affected by pagets disease of the bone?
males or females
Males > females
What type of fractures are common with paget’s disease of the bone?
Chalk stick type fractures
What type of cells is a benign bone tumour most likely in?
Giant cell tumour - benign
What type of malignant bone tumours are most likely?
- Osteosarcoma
- chondrosarcoma
- malignant fibrous histiocytoma
