Disorders of Growth

Question 1

Neoplasm

Answer 1

abnormal mass of tissue

Question 2

Neoplasia

Answer 2

process by which neoplasm is formed

Question 3

Tumour

Answer 3

means swelling

Question 4

Primary tumour

Answer 4

malignant tumour

Question 5

Secondary tumour

Answer 5

offspring of main tumour

Question 6

Spread of malignant tumours

Answer 6

Local > direct invasion

Distant > via lymp nodes, blood

Question 7

Metastasis means

Answer 7

spread

Question 8

Routes of metastasis

Answer 8

• lymphatics
• blood
• transcoelomic
• along epithelial lined spaces
• within epithelium

Question 9

Classification

Answer 9

behavior, benign or malignant
appearance
histological
histogenesis 
aetiological, environmental or inheritance 
functional

Question 10

Grows by expansions, displacing adjacent tissue

Answer 10

Benign tumour

Question 11

infiltration of local tissues and spreads to other parts of the body

Answer 11

Malignant tumour

Question 12

Metastasis via lymphatics

Answer 12

directly invades lymphatics
emboli filtered out then grows lymph nodes
typical of epithelial malignancy

Question 13

Metastasis via blood

Answer 13

directly invades blood vessels
emboli filtered out by capillary bed eg liver, lung
stromal malignancy, later stages of epithelial malignancy

Question 14

Metastasis via transcoelomic

Answer 14

peritoneal pleural

Question 15

Metastasis via epithelial lined spaces

Answer 15

-bronchiole alveolar carcinoma of lung

mass forms tumour takes up alveoli’s

Question 16

Metastasis via epithelium

Answer 16

Paget’s disease of the nipple, vulva and anus

Question 17

3 Malignant tumours

Answer 17

Cancer
Carcinoma - of epithelial tissue (stomach or liver)
Sarcoma - stromal tissue

Question 18

Adenoma
Papilloma
Cystadenoma
are examples of..

Answer 18

Benign epithelial tumours

Question 19

-oma if..

Answer 19

Benign

Question 20

-sarcoma if

Answer 20

Malignant

Question 21

Carcinomas

Answer 21

is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells

Question 22

Lymph nodes
Liver: GIT carcinomas, GUS, bronchus, breast
Lung: sarcoma, carcinomas of thyroid, breast, kidney, bronchus
Bone: carcinoma of breast, thyroid, bronchus, prostate, uterus
Brain: carcinoma of bronchus
Endocrines: carcinoma of bronchus often goes to adrenals
Skin: malignant melanoma; clear cell carcinoma of kidney

Answer 22

sites of metastases

Question 23

Melanoma

Answer 23

a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes.

typically occur in the skin but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye.

Question 24

Leukaemia

Answer 24

neoplastic proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells

neoplastic cells spill over into the blood stream

all regarded as malignant!

Question 25

Lymphoma

Answer 25

malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue - Hodgkin's disease - Non-hodgkins lymphoma

Question 26

Hodgkin's lymphoma disease

Answer 26

mixture of cells, including reed-sternberg cells cancer which develops in the lymphatic system

Question 27

Non-hodgkin's lymphoma

Answer 27

Lacks cellular mixture of hodgkin's disease The affected lymphocytes start to multiply in an abnormal way and begin to collect in certain parts of the lymphatic system, such as the lymph nodes. The affected lymphocytes lose their infection-fighting properties, making you more vulnerable to infection.

Question 28

A tumour with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of more than one germ cell layer is what cancer..

Answer 28

Teratoma arises from totipotential cells

Question 29

Teratoma

Answer 29

Ovary (benign) Testes (malignant) Midline

Question 30

How bad it looks?

Answer 30

grading

Question 31

How far its got?

Answer 31

staging

Question 32

Staging is only relevant for ...

Answer 32

malignant tumours

Question 33

T =

Answer 33

size of tumour (t1-t4)

Question 34

N =

Answer 34

extent of lymph node involvement (N0 to N3)

Question 35

M =

Answer 35

distant metastasis (M0 to M1)

Question 36

Effects of benign tumours

Answer 36

mechanical pressure obstruction ulceration infraction of pedunculated tumour infection rupture of cystic neoplasm hormone production

Question 37

Effects of malignant tumours

Answer 37

tissue destruction haemorrhage secondary infection cachexia, wight loss

Question 38

Case study women with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus present with a 46lb weight loss over 1 year

Answer 38

Cachexia

Question 39

pain anaemia, haemorrhage, bone marrow replacement, haemolysis Paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 39

more effects of malignant tumours

Question 40

Acanthosis nigricans

Answer 40

caused by epidermal growth factor analogue | paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 41

``` Finger clubbing Acanthosis nigricans Nephrotic syndrome Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoaarthropathy Non-bacterial thrombotic endocardis ```

Answer 41

paraneoplastic syndrome