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Year 2 Pathology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located?

A

the brain
above brain stem
links the CNS to endocrine system

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2
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located?

A

the brain
above brain stem
links the CNS to endocrine system

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3
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes what hormone

A

Oxytocin - uterus contraction

ADH - reabsorption of water from urine

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4
Q

Anterior Pituitary secrete

A

Multiple hormones

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5
Q

What is the Pituitary gland?

A 
Growth hormone 
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Adreno0corticotrophic hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone 
Luteinising hormone 
Prolactin

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

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6
Q

Pituitary Diseases

A

Hyperpituitarism- related effects = adenomas (benign tumour growth)
Hypoituitarism- related effects = injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation
Local mass effect = compressing the optic chiasm

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7
Q

Adenoma

A

is a common cause of hyperpituitarism

occurs in anterior lobe

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8
Q

Pituitary adenomas

Macroadenomas

A

> 1 cm in diameter

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9
Q

Pituitary adenomas

Microadenomas

A
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10
Q

Causes of hypopituitarism

A

Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary - Sheehan’s syndrome

Non functioning adenomas

Surgery or irradiation

Inflammatory lesions

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11
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism

A 
Graves disease (Autoimmune)
Treatment by thyroxine 
Infective - De Quervains Thyroiditis 
Toxic multinodular goitre 
Toxic adenoma
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12
Q 
Intolerance to heat 
Fine, straight hair
Bulging eyes
Facial flushing 
Enlarged thyroid 
Tachycardia 
High systolic BP
Breast enlargement 
Weight & muscle loss
Localized edema
Menstural changes 
Diarrhea 
Tremors 
Finger Clubbing
A

All symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

Graves disease

A

Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid

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14
Q

Management for Hyperthyroidism

A 
Testing: Clinical and thyroid function tests 
Treat the cause
Carbomazole / Propylthiouracil
Radioiodine 
Thyroidectomy
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15
Q

Hypothyroidism causes

A 
Iodine deficiency 
Autoimmune - Hashimoto's thyroiditis 
Iatrogenic: Surgery radioiodine 
Pituitary defects 
Congenital
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16
Q 
Hair Loss
Apathy 
Lethargy 
Dry Skin
Muscle aches and weakness
Constipation 
Intolerance to cold 
Receding hairline
Facial & eyelid edema
Dull blank expression
Extreme fatigue 
Tick tongue, slow speech 
Anorexia 
Brittle hair and nails 
Subnormal temp
Bradycardia 
Weight Gain 
Thickened skin
Cardiac complications
A

All symptoms of Hypothyroidism

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17
Q

What is hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Hypothyroidism

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland

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18
Q

Treatment for hypothyroidism

A

Thyroxine

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19
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Uncommon

Papillary Carcinoma - is a non functional tumour

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20
Q

What is Hypoparathyroidism

A 
Due to low calcium 
Congenital
Hereditary 
-irritability 
-tetany 
-seizures
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21
Q

Treatment for hypoparathyroidism

A

Removal by surgery - Thyroidectomy

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22
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes what hormone

A

Oxytocin - uterus contraction

ADH - reabsorption of water from urine

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23
Q

Anterior Pituitary secrete

Study These Flashcards
A

Multiple hormones

24
Q

What is the Pituitary gland?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Growth hormone 
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Adreno0corticotrophic hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone 
Luteinising hormone 
Prolactin

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

25
Pituitary Diseases
Hyperpituitarism- related effects = adenomas (benign tumour growth) Hypoituitarism- related effects = injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation Local mass effect = compressing the optic chiasm
26
Adenoma
is a common cause of hyperpituitarism | occurs in anterior lobe
27
Pituitary adenomas | Macroadenomas
>1 cm in diameter
28
Pituitary adenomas | Microadenomas
29
Causes of hypopituitarism
Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary - Sheehan's syndrome Non functioning adenomas Surgery or irradiation Inflammatory lesions
30
Causes of hyperthyroidism
``` Graves disease (Autoimmune) Treatment by thyroxine Infective - De Quervains Thyroiditis Toxic multinodular goitre Toxic adenoma ```
31
``` Intolerance to heat Fine, straight hair Bulging eyes Facial flushing Enlarged thyroid Tachycardia High systolic BP Breast enlargement Weight & muscle loss Localized edema Menstural changes Diarrhea Tremors Finger Clubbing ```
All symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
32
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid
33
Management for Hyperthyroidism
``` Testing: Clinical and thyroid function tests Treat the cause Carbomazole / Propylthiouracil Radioiodine Thyroidectomy ```
34
Hypothyroidism causes
``` Iodine deficiency Autoimmune - Hashimoto's thyroiditis Iatrogenic: Surgery radioiodine Pituitary defects Congenital ```
35
``` Hair Loss Apathy Lethargy Dry Skin Muscle aches & weakness Constipation Intolerance to cold Receding hairline Facial & eyelid edema Dull blank expression Extreme fatigue Tick tongue, slow speech Anorexia Brittle hair & nails ``` ``` Subnormal temp Bradycardia Weight Gain Thickened skin Cardiac complications ```
All symptoms of Hypothyroidism
36
What is hashimoto's thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland
37
Treatment for hypothyroidism
Thyroxine
38
Thyroid cancer
Uncommon | Papillary Carcinoma - is a non functional tumour
39
What is Hypoparathyroidism
``` Due to low calcium Congenital Hereditary -irritability -tetany -seizures ```
40
Treatment for hypoparathyroidism
Removal by surgery - Thyroidectomy
41
What is Hyperparathyroidism
Due to hypercalcemia
42
Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism
``` Constipation Depression Seizures Muscle wasting Polyuria Bone fractures Kidney stones ```
43
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Primary - Conn's Disease
44
Secondary Hyperaldosteronism
Due to high renin
45
Symptoms of Conn's disease
Hyperaldosteronism Oedema Hypertension High sodium Low Potassium
46
Glucocorticoids : Cortisol
``` Release is by circadian rhythm Essential to life Reg blood sugar Inhibits inflammation Stress response Excess release = cushing's syndrome ```
47
Cushing syndrome causes
ACTH releasing tumour | Steroids
48
``` Emotional disturbance Enlarged sella turcica Moon faces Osteoporosis Cardiac hypertrophy - hypertension Buffalo hump Obesity Adrenal tumour or hyperplasia Thin, wrinkled skin Abdominal striae Amenorrhea Muscle weakness Purpura Skin ulcers ```
All symptoms of Cushing's syndromes Glucocorticoids
49
Causes of Addison's disease
Autoimmune Infection Neoplasms
50
Addison's disease, symptoms and signs
GI symptoms, N + V, anorexia, diarrhoea Wight loss Hyperpigmentaton Low sodium, high pot
51
Zona Fasciculata
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
52
ZonaReticularis
Sex hormones (testosterone oestrogen)
53
Zona Glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
54
Gonadocorticoids
sex hormones both secreted from the gonads
55
Adrenal medulla
Catecholamines Adrenaline Noradrenaline
56
Symptoms of Phaeochromocytoma
``` Hypertension Sweating Palptations Nervousness Increased metabolic ratio Rapid Heart rate ```
57
Group of inherited diseases resulting in proliferative lesions of multiple endocrine organs is...
Multiple endocrine neoplasia MEN

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

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