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SAT II BIOLOGY > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What is population defined by?

A

Size, density, and dispersion

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2
Q

Size

A

Total number of individuals in a population: births, deaths, immigration, emigration

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3
Q

Density

A

Number of individuals per unit area or volume

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4
Q

Dispersion

A

Pattern of spacing of individuals: clumped, uniform random spacing

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5
Q

Biotic potential

A

The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions

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6
Q

What factors influence a population’s biotic potential?

A
  • Age at which reproduction begins
  • Life span capable of reproducing
  • Number of reproductive periods in lifetime
  • Number of offspring capable at 1 time
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7
Q

Carrying capacity(K)

A

The maximum that the environment can support

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8
Q

r-strategists

A
  • Reproduce rapidly when uncrowded and resources are vast
  • Many, small young
  • Little parenting
  • Rapid maturation
  • reproduce once
  • Insects
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9
Q

K-strategists

A
  • Maximize population size near the carrying capcity
  • Few, large young
  • Intensive parenting
  • slow maturation
  • Reproduce many times
  • Mammals
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10
Q

Limiting factors

A
  • Limit population growth

- Density-dependent factors and Density-independent factors

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11
Q

Density-dependent factors

A
  • Increase directly as the population density increases

- Competition for food, buildup of wastes, predation, disease

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12
Q

Density-independent factors

A
  • Occurence is unrelated to the population density

- Natural disasters

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13
Q

Population interactions

A

Competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

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14
Q

G. F. Gause

A

Competitive exclusion principle

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15
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

-2 species can’t coexist in a community if they share a niche, if they compete for the same resources

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16
Q

What happens if 2 species share the same niche in a community?

A
  • extinction
  • Evolve through natural selection to exploit different resources - resource partitioning
  • character displacement(divergence in adaption)
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17
Q

Character displacement

A

adaptive radiation

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18
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Evolve through natural selection to exploit different resources

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19
Q

Passive defenses against predators

A
  1. Aposematic coloration
  2. Batesian mimicry
  3. Mullerian mimicry
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20
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

Bright coloration of poisonous animals is a warning that predators should avoid them

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21
Q

Batesian mimicry

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Copycat coloration

- Harmless animal mimics the coloration of a poisonous animal

22
Q

Mullerian mimicry

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A

2 or more poisonous species resemble eachother and predators learn to avoid any prey with that appearance

23
Q

Detritivores

Study These Flashcards
A

-Animals that feed on organisms that have died and decomposed into organic matter(detritus)

24
Q

detritus

Study These Flashcards
A

decomposed organic matter

25
Productivity
The rate at which organic matter is created by producers
26
Gross primary productivity
The amount of energy converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis per unit time in an ecosystem
27
NEt primary productivity
The gross primary productivity minus the energy used by the producers for respiration
28
Biological magnification
Organisms occupying higher trophic levels have greater concentration of accumulated toxins stored in their bodies
29
Primary ecological succession
Rebuilding of ecosystem in a lifeless area where soil has been removed
30
What is the essential and dominant characteristic of primary ecological succesion?
soil building
31
Eutrophication
- Disruption of freshwater ecosystems - Runoff from sewage and manure increase nutrients in lakes and cause excessive growth - Organic material accumulates on the bottom, reduces the depth - Detritivores use up oxygen as they decompose organic matter
32
Acid Rain
- Caused by pollutants in the air from combustion of fossil fuels - Nitrogen and sulfur pollutants cause pH of rain be less than 5.6
33
Greenhouse effect
- global warming - Burning of fossil fuels caused the concentrations of CO2 in the air to increase - CO2 and water vapor absorb infrared radiation reflecting off Earth, and temp rise
34
Chlorofluorocarbons
Chemicals used for refrigerants and aerosol cans
35
Depletion of Ozone Layer
- Accumulation of chlorofluorocarbons formed a hold in the ozone layer - more ultraviolet light reach Earth, increase of skin cancer
36
Decomposer
-absorb most breakdown products and recycle nutrients back to the soil to nourish plants
37
Diatoms
Photosynthetic protists in the ocean
38
Phytoplankton
algae and photosynthetic bacteria in aquatic environments
39
Primary ecological succession
Rebuilding of ecosystem in a lifeless area where soil has been removed
40
What is the essential and dominant characteristic of primary ecological succesion?
soil building
41
Eutrophication
- Disruption of freshwater ecosystems - Runoff from sewage and manure increase nutrients in lakes and cause excessive growth - Organic material accumulates on the bottom, reduces the depth - Detritivores use up oxygen as they decompose organic matter
42
Acid Rain
- Caused by pollutants in the air from combustion of fossil fuels - Nitrogen and sulfur pollutants cause pH of rain be less than 5.6
43
Acid Rain
- Caused by pollutants in the air from combustion of fossil fuels - Nitrogen and sulfur pollutants cause pH of rain be less than 5.6
44
Greenhouse effect
- global warming - Burning of fossil fuels caused the concentrations of CO2 in the air to increase - CO2 and water vapor absorb infrared radiation reflecting off Earth, and temp rise
45
Depletion of Ozone Layer
- Accumulation of chlorofluorocarbons formed a hold in the ozone layer - more ultraviolet light reach Earth, increase of skin cancer
46
Decomposer
-absorb most breakdown products and recycle nutrients back to the soil to nourish plants
47
Diatoms
Photosynthetic protists in the ocean
48
Phytoplankton
algae and photosynthetic bacteria in aquatic eenvironments
49
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Live in the nodules in the roots of legumes and convert free nitrogen into ammonia
50
Nitrifying bacteria
Convert ammonia into nitrites and then into nitrates
51
Denitrifying bacteria
convert nitrates into free nitrogen
52
Decomposers
Bacteria that break down dead organic matter into ammonia

SAT II BIOLOGY (26 decks)

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