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SAT II BIOLOGY > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Bryophytes

A
  • Primitive plants
  • NO vascular tissue
  • Must live in MOIST environments
  • NO roots or xylem
  • Absorb water by diffusion
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2
Q

Tracheophytes

A
  • HAVE xylem and phloem
  • Include ancient seedless plants(ferns) that reproduce by spores
  • seed plants - gymnosperms; angiosperms
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3
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • Conifers
  • Dry conditions
  • Needle leaves
  • Thick and waxy cuticle
  • Stomates located in stomatal crypts to reduce water loss
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4
Q

Angiosperm

A
  • Flowering plants
  • AKA anthophyta
  • Most diverse and plentiful plants
  • monocotyledons(monocots); dicotyledons (dicots)
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5
Q

Monocot

A
  • ONE cotyledon
  • SCATTERED vascular bundles in stem
  • PARALLEL leaf veins
  • Floral parts in 3s
  • FIBROUS roots
  • ex/ grasses
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6
Q

Dicots

A
  • TWO cotyledons
  • vascular bundles in stme IN A RING
  • NETLIKE leaf veins
  • Floral pats in 4s or 5s
  • TAProots
  • ex/ trees, flowering plants
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7
Q

Cutin

A

Waxy coating on leaves to reduce water loss

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8
Q

Gametangia

A

Protective jack of cells that protect gametes and zygotes from drying out

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9
Q

Sporopollenin

A

A tough polymer that is resistant to environmental damage

Walls of spores and pollen

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10
Q

Desiccation

A

Dehydration

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11
Q

Meristem tissue

A
  • Continually divides, generating new cells
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12
Q

Primary growth

A
  • Vertical
  • Elongation of the plant down to soil and up to air
  • New cells from apical meristem
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13
Q

Apical meristem

A

Constantly dividing growth layer located at the buds of shoots and tips of the roots

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14
Q

Root growth

A
  • Concentrated near the root tip
  • From top to deeper into soil:
    • Zone of differentiation(epidermis, ground tissue, xylem, phloem)
    • Zone of elongation
    • Zone of cell division(apical meristem)
    • root cap
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15
Q

Root cap

A

Secretes substances that helps digest the earth as the root tip grows

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16
Q

Secondary Growth

A
  • Lateral growth
  • News cells produced by the lateral meristem
  • For woody plants
  • Responsible for the enlargement of the trunk
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17
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Covers root
  • modified for absorption
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18
Q

Cortex

A
  • Storage
  • Consists of parenchyma cells that contain many plastids for storage of starch
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19
Q

Plastids

A

Organelles found only in plants

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20
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

In the cortex; contain many plastsids for storage of starch

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21
Q

Stele

A
  • AKA vascular cylinder
  • Transport
  • xylem and phloem
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22
Q

Pericycle

A

In Monocots, Layerso of tissues where lateral roots arise

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23
Q

Endoderm

A
  • Layer of cells that surrounds the stele
  • Each endoderm cell is wrapped with the Casparian strip
  • To select what minerals enter the stele and body of the plant
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24
Q

Casparian strip

A

A continuous band of waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved minerals

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25
Lateral movement
* Movement of water and solutes across a plant * Accomplished by the symplast and apoplast
26
Symplast
A continuous system of cytoplasm of cells interconnected by plasmodesmata
27
Apoplast
The network of cell walls and intercellular spaces within a plant body that permits extensive extracellular movement of water within a plant
28
Mychorrhizae
* Where older regions of roots lack root hairs * Supply the plant with water and minerals * Symbiotic structures consisting of the plant's roots with the hyphae(filaments) of a fungus
29
Rhizobium
* Symbiotic bacterium * Lives in the nodules on rootes of legumes * Fixes nitrogen gas from the air
30
Taproot
* A single, large root that gives rise to lateral branch roots * Dicots
31
Adventitious roots
Roots that arise above ground Aerial roots; Prop roots
32
Aerial roots
* For trees that grow in swamps or salt marshes * stick up out of the water and serve to aerate the root cells
33
Prop roots
Grow aboveground to help support the plant
34
Vascular bundles
* Vascular tissue that run the length of the stem in strands * Xylem on the inside; phloem on the outside; meristem tissue in middle
35
Pith
Parenchymal tissues modified for storage
36
Leaf
* Epidermis - Upper and Lower * Waxy cuticle * Guard cells * Palisade Mesophyll * Spongy Mesophyll * Veins
37
Epidermis
Protection Don't contain chloroplasts and don't photsynthesize
38
Waxy cuticle
* Made of cutin * Minimizes water loss
39
Guard cells
* Modified epidermal cells * Contain chloroplasts * Control the opening of the stomates in response to changes in water pressure * Become turgid(swollen) when absorb water by osmosis and let stomata open * Become flaccid when loset water and close stomates
40
Palisade mesophyll
* Tightly packed * Photosynthesis
41
Spongy mesophyll
* Loosely packed * Photosynthesis * Diffuse and exchange of gases into and out of these cells
42
Veins
* Located in the mesophyll * carry water and nutrients from soil to leaves * Carry sugar from leaves to rest of plant
43
Transpiration
Loss of water from leaf
44
Trichomes
Spikelike projections that also protect the leaf
45
What is ground tissue made of?
* Parenchyma cells * Collenchyma cells * Sclerenchyma cells
46
Parenchyma cells
* Thin and flexible primary cell wall * NO secondary cell wall * Traditional plant cells
47
Collenchyma cells
* UNEVENLY thickened primary cell walls * NO secondary cell walls
48
Sclerenchyma Cells
* Thick primary and secondary cell walls that are fortified with lignin * Support
49
The 2 types of elongated cells that make up the xylem
Tracheids and vessel elements
50
Tracheids
* Its secondary cell walls are hardened with lignin * Support and transport
51
Xylem
* Carries water and nutrients from soil UP agaisnt gravity with no energy * Transpirational pull * Cohesion tension
52
Transpirational pull
* For each molecule of water that evaporates from a leaft by transpiration, another water molecule is drawn in at the root to replace it
53
What affects the rate of transpiration?
* Humidity (high-slows down; low-speeds up) * Wind(reduce humidity-speed up) * Light intensity * Closing stomates stops
54
Phloem
* Made of sieve tube elements and companion cells * Carry sugar from leaves to rest of plant by translocation; requires energy
55
Endosperm
Cotyledon
56
Double fertilization
1. Sperm + Ovum = Embryo (2n) 2. Sperm + 2 polar bodies = Cotyledon(3n)
57
What does the embryo of the seed contain?
Hypocotyl Epicotyl Radicle
58
hypocotyl
Becomes the lower part of the stem and the roots
59
Epicotyl
Becomes upper part of the stem
60
Radicle
Embryonic Root; First organ to emerge from the germinating seed
61
Gametophyte
* *n* * Produces gametes by mitosisthat fuse during fertilization to yield 2n zygotes * Each zygote develops into a sporophyte(2n) that produces haploid spores(n) by meisis
62
Gametophyte generation dominates the life cycle in....?
* Mosses, bryophytes(primitive plants) * Haploid(n) * Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte and obtains its nutrients from it
63
Fern
* Seedless vascular plant * intermediate between brophytes and vascular plants * Sporophyte generation is larger and independent from gametophyte * Both photosynthesize
64
Gametophyte is dependent on teh sporophyte in....?
* seed plants (flowering and conifers) * Gametophyte generation exists inside the sporophyte generation
65
Antheridium
Structure that produces sperm, develops on the gametophyte
66
Archegonium
Structure that produces eggs Develops on gametophyte
67
Megaspores
Produced by large FEMALE cones and will develop into female gametophytes
68
Microspores
Produced by small MALE cones and develop into male gametophytes OR pollen grains
69
Protonem
Branching filaments produced by germinating moss spores, becomes the gametophyte in moss
70
Sporangia
Located on the tip of the mature sporophyte, wehre meiosis occurs, producing haploid spores
71
Sori
Raised spots located on the underside of sporophyte ferns, clusters of sporangia
72
Auxins
* Unequal distribution causes phototropism * enhance apical dominance * Stimulate stem elongation and growth by softening cell wall * Used as rooting powder to develop roots quickly
73
Cytokinins
* Stimulate cytokinesis and cell division * Delay senescence (aging) by inhibiting protein breakdown
74
Gibberellins
* Promote stem and leaf elongation * induce bolting(rapid growth of a floral stalk) to ensure pollination and seed dispersal *
75
Abscisic Acid
* Inhibits growth * Promotes seed dormancy * Enables plants to withstand drought * Closes stomates during water loss
76
Ethylene gas
* Promotes ripening, which triggers more gas
77
Tropism
* Growth of a plant toward or away from a stimulus * thigmotropisms(touch), geotropisms, gravitropisms(gravity, photostropisms(light)

SAT II BIOLOGY (26 decks)

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