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Respiratory Block > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 main phases in human development?

A

Pre-embryonic
Embryonic
Foetal

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2
Q

During oogenesis, an ova is produced alongside what?

A

3 polar bodies

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3
Q

What part of the sperm enters the ova during fertilisation?

A

(pro)nucleus

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4
Q

What is the morula?

A

A solid ball of cells

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5
Q

What does the morula become?

A

A blastocyst

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6
Q

What is the name given to the accumulation of cells within a blastocyst?

A

The inner cell mass

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7
Q

What is the name of the outer lining of cells within the blastocyst?

A

Trophoblast

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8
Q

From the 1st cell division to the following cell divisions, what happens to the time taken for these cell division to occur?

A

The time decreases

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9
Q

What is the uterine tube lined with?

A

Ciliated epithelium

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10
Q

When does an eptopic pregnancy occur?

A

When the zygote cannot move through the uterine tube

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11
Q

Implantation takes place in what week of the pre-embryonic phase?

A

Week 2

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12
Q

Where does the blastocyst burrow down into during implantation?

A

The uterine wall (endometrium)

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13
Q

What does the trophoblast then form during week 2 of the pre-embryonic phase?

A

The chorion

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14
Q

What are the finger-like processes devloped by the chorion?

A

Chorionic villi

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15
Q

What secretes HCG?

A

The chorion

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16
Q

What does HCG indicate?

A

That a pregnancy is occurring

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17
Q

Where is the fetus nurtured?

A

The endometrium

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18
Q

When do maternal blood levels of HCG stop increasing?

A

Week 12

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19
Q

What happens to allow the epiblast and hypoblast to form?

A

The inner cell mass flattens

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20
Q

What 2 layers make up the bilaminar disc?

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

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21
Q

What is the name of the cavity above the epiblast?

A

The amniotic cavity

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22
Q

What is the name of the cavity below the hypoblast?

A

The yolk sac

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the amniotic cavity?

A

To protect the embryo

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24
Q

What separates the maternal blood vessels from the foetal blood vessels?

A

The chorion

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25
What are the 3 main functions of the placenta?
Foetal nutrition Transport of waste and gases Immunity
26
What forms the placenta?
The chorionic villi
27
In fraternal births, how many ova are released?
2
28
What is the name given to the dip in the epiblast?
The primitive streak
29
What is the name of the 3 layers formed during gastrulation?
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
30
What is the collective name given to the the ectoderm, the mesoderm and the endoderm?
The trilaminar disc
31
What is the name given to neural tube formation?
Neurulation
32
Where does the notochord sit?
In the mesoderm
33
What induces the ectodermal cells in the midline to form a neural line?
Notochord
34
What does the newly formed neural tube induce the mesoderm to do?
Thicken
35
What 3 parts do the mesoderm split into on either side?
Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm
36
Which mesoderm splits into the somatic and splanchnic mesoderms?
Lateral plate mesoderm
37
What does the paraxial mesoderm form?
Somites
38
Which mesoderm forms the urogenital system?
The intermediate plate mesoderm
39
How many blocks form to become somites on either side of the neural tube?
33
40
Why does the embryo start to fold laterally?
Due to the mesoderm becoming so heavy
41
What is the foetal position of the embryo due to?
The head and tail fold of the zygote
42
What 3 things does each somite divide into?
Dermatome Myotome Sclerotome
43
Where is the nucleus palposus of the IV discs formed from?
The notochord
44
What is teratology?
The study of when things go wrong during development
45
During which weeks is there the greatest sensitivity to teratogens?
Weeks 3-8
46
How do infectious agents affect the developing embryo?
Transfer through the placenta
47
In which week does folding of the embryo take place?
Week 3
48
What is the origin of the formation of the gut tube?
The endoderm
49
What does longitudinal folding of the embryo give rise to?
Foregut and hindgut
50
At what week gestation do the lungs develop?
4 weeks gestation
51
At what week of development do the nasal pits deepen?
Week 6
52
What does the respiratory primordium start out as?
A median outgrowth
53
What does the larynx develop from?
The endoderm
54
Where does the cartilage of the larynx develop from?
The 4th-6th pairs of pharyngeal arches
55
Where does the epiglottis develop from?
The caudal part of the hypopharyngeal eminence
56
What is caused as a result of recanalization failure?
Laryngeal atresia
57
What does laryngeal atresia cause the lower airways to do?
Dilate
58
How can laryngeal atresia be detected?
Through ultrasound
59
What gives rise to the laryngotracheal diverticulum?
The laryngotracheal groove
60
Lung bud formation is a result of what?
Ventral outgrowth of the foregut endoderm
61
When does a trachea-oesophageal fistula occur?
When there is incomplete separation of the trachea and oesophagus
62
Why won't a foetus survive if born during the pseudo-glandular stage of development?
As the major gas exchange elements have not formed
63
During the canalicular stage, what happens to the lumina of the bronchi and terminal bronchioles?
They enlarge
64
During what week of embryonic development, do the terminal sacs become lined with type 1 and 2 pneumocytes?
26 weeks
65
Which type of pneumocytes secrete surfactant?
Type 2
66
What is surfactant a mixture of?
Phospholipids and proteins
67
What does surfactant prevent the collapse of?
Alveoli sacs during exhalation
68
What is the major cause of respiratory distress syndrome?
Surfactant deficiency
69
What happens to the number of alveoli at 8 years old?
They reach the adult number of alveoli
70
What are the 4 embryonic components that form the diaphragm?
Septum transversum Pleuroperitoneal membranes Dorsal mesentry of oesophagus Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls
71
Where is the septum transversum initially located?
Opposite the somites of C3-5

Respiratory Block (21 decks)

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