Endo Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Necrosis
A
Nonprogrammed cell deathInflammationNucleus destroyed first
2
Q
Apoptosis
A
Programmed cell deathNo inflammationNucleus destroyed last
3
Q
Pyknosis
A
Nucleus turns into blobs
4
Q
Karyohexis
A
Nucleus fragments
5
Q
Karyolysis
A
Nucleus dissolves
6
Q
Somatotrope
A
GH
7
Q
Gonadotrope
A
LH and FSH
8
Q
Thyrotrope
A
TSH
9
Q
Cortiotrope
A
ACTH
10
Q
Lactotrope
A
Prolactin
11
Q
Receptors used by protein hormones
A
Cell membrane receptors
12
Q
Receptors used by steroid hormones
A
Nuclear membrane receptors
13
Q
Steroid Hormones
A
PET CAD (+ Thyroid)Progesterone EstrogenTestosteroneCortisolAldosteroneVitamin D
14
Q
Endocrine
A
Secretion into blood
15
Q
Exocrine
A
Secretion into not blood
16
Q
Autocrine
A
Works on itself
17
Q
Paracrine
A
Works on its neighbors
18
Q
Merocrine
A
Exocytosis - cell is maintained
19
Q
Apocrine
A
Apex of cell secreted
20
Q
Holocrine
A
Whole cell secreted
21
Q
Organs that do not require insulin for glucose
A
BRICKLEBrainRBCIntestinesCardiac, CorneaKidneyLiverExercising muscle
22
Q
GnRH
A
Stimulates FSH and LH
23
Q
GRH
A
Stimulates GH
24
Q
CRH
A
Stimulates ACTH
25
TRH
Stimulates TSH
26
PRH
Stimulates Prolactin
27
Dopamine
Inhibits Prolactin
28
Somatostatin
Inhibits GHInhibits secretin, motilin, CCK
29
ADH
Conserves waterVasoconstrictsConcentrates urine
30
Oxytocin
Milk productionBirth
31
GH
IGF-1 release from liverGrowthSends somatomedin to growth platesGluconeogenesis by proteolysis
32
TSH
T3 and T4 release from thyroid
33
LH
Testosterone release from testesEstrogen and Progesterone from ovary
34
FSH
Sperm or egg growth
35
ACTH
Cortisol release from adrenal gland
36
MSH
Skin pigmentation
37
Stress Hormones
Immediate = Epinephrine20 minutes = Glucagon30 minutes = Insulin and ADH2-4 hrs = Cortisol24 hrs = GH
38
Diabetes Insipidus
Too little ADHUrinate a lot
39
Central DI
Brain not making ADH
40
Nephrogenic DI
Blocked ADH receptorCan be caused by Lithium or Demecocycline
41
Water deprivation test
Concentrate urine = PsychogenicFail to concentrate urine = DI
42
DDAVP
Concentrate urine = Central DIFail to concentrate urine = Nephrogenic DI
43
SIADH
Too much ADHExpanded plasma volumePee Na+
44
Difference between SIADH and DI
DI = dilute urineSIADH = concentrated urine
45
Psychogenic Polydipsia
Pathologic water drinkingLow plasma osmolarity
46
Aldosterone
Reabsorbs Na+Secretes H+ and K+
47
Neuroblastoma
Adrenal medulla tumor in kidsDancing eyes and feetSecretes catecholamines
48
Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal medulla tumor in adultsPressurePainPalpitationsPerspirationPallor
49
Zona Glomerulosa makes
Aldosterone
50
Zona Fasiculata makes
Cortisol
51
Zona Reticularis makes
Androgens
52
Conn's Syndrome
High aldosterone d/t tumorCaptopril test makes it worse
53
ANP
Inhibits aldosteroneDilates renal artery (afferent arteriole)
54
Calcitonin
Inhibits osteoclasts
55
MEN I
Wermer'sPancreasPituitary Parathyroid adenomaHigh gastrin
56
MEN II (2A)
Sipple'sParathyroidPheochromocytomaMedullary thyroid cancer
57
MEN III (2B)
PheochromocytomaMedullary thyroid cancerMucosal neuromas (oral/GI)Marfanoid
58
CCK
Gallbladder contractionBile releaseInhibits gastric motility (closes sphincters)
59
Cortisol
Gluconeogenesis by proteolysis Leads to thin skin
60
Addison's Disease
AI destruction of adrenal cortexHyperpigmentationIncreased ACTH
61
Waterhouse Friderichsen
Adrenal hemorrhageMC bug = N. meningitidis
62
Cushing's Syndrome
High cortisol d/t: pituitary tumor, small cell lung tumor, adrenal tumor
63
Cushing's Disease
High cortisol d/t: pituitary tumor or small cell lung cancer
64
Nelson's Syndrome
Hyperpigmentation after adrenalectomy
65
Low Dose Dexamethasone Test - Suppresses
Normal, obese, depressed
66
Low Dose Dexamethasone Test - Doesn't Suppress
Cushing's - do High dose test
67
High Dose Dexamethasone Test - Suppresses
Pituitary Tumor
68
High Dose Dexamethasone Test - Doesn't Suppress
Check ACTH High = small cell lung cancerLow = adrenal adenoma
69
Survival Hormones
Cortisol = permissive under stressTSH = permissive under normal
70
Epinephrine
GluconeogenesisGlycogenolysis
71
Erythropoietin
Makes RBCs
72
Gastrin
Stimulates parietal cells to release IF and H+
73
Pygmie
No somatomedin receptors
74
Achondroplasia
Abnormal FGF receptors in extremities
75
Midget
Low somatomedin receptor sensitivity
76
Acromegaly
Adult bones stretch Coarse facial featuresLarge furrowed tongueDeep, husky voiceJaw protrusionIncreased IGF-1 d/t GH tumor
77
Gigantism
Childhood acromegaly
78
GIP
Enhances insulin actionLeads to post-prandial hypoglycemia
79
Glucagon
GluconeogenesisGlycogenolysisLipolysis Ketogenesis
80
Insulin
Pushed glucose into cells with K+
81
Type I DM
Anti-islet cell AbGAD AbCocksackie B virusLow insulinDKA
82
Type II DM
Insulin receptor insensitivity High insulinHONKAcanthosis nigricans
83
DKA presentation
Kussmaul's breathingFruity breath (acetone)Altered mental status
84
Dawn Phenomenon
AM hyperglycemia d/t GH
85
Somogyi Effect
AM hyperglycemia d/t PM hypoglycemia
86
Insulinoma
Tumor High insulin, High C-peptide
87
Factitious Hypoglycemia
Insulin injectionHigh insulin, Low C-peptide
88
Erythrasma
Rash in skin folds
89
Metabolic Syndrome X
Pre-DM:HTNDyslipidemiaHyperinsulinemiaAcanthosis nigricans
90
Foot ulcer risk factors
DMMale smokerBony abnormalitiesPrevious ulcers
91
Conditions that cause weight gain
ObesityHypothyroidismDepressionCushing'sAnasarca
92
Motilin
Stimulates segmentation - primary peristalsis
93
Prolactin
Milk production
94
PTH
Chews up bone
95
Vitamin D
Builds bone
96
Parathyroid Chief Cells secrete
PTH
97
Stomach Chief Cells secrete
Pepsin
98
Difference between NE and Epinephrine
NE = NTEpinephrine = homone
99
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
100
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure
101
Familial hypocalcuria hypercalcemia
Decreased Ca2+ excretion
102
If serum Ca2+ and P change in same direction
Vitamin D Both decrease = deficiencyBoth increase = toxicity
103
If serum Ca2+ and P change in opposite directions
PTH problemHigh Ca2+ = HyperparathyroidismLow Ca2+ = Hypoparathyroidism
104
MCC Primary Hypoparathyroism
Thyroidectomy
105
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Bad kidney PTH receptorDecreased urinary cAMP
106
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
G-protein defectNo Ca2+ problem
107
Hungry Bone Syndrome
Remove PTH and bone sucks in Ca2+
108
Secretin
Secretion of bicarbInhibit gastrinTighten pyloric sphincter
109
T3 and T4
Growth and differentiation
110
Disease with exopthalmos
Grave's
111
Disease with enopthalmos
Horner's
112
Hyperthyroid Diseases
Grave'sDeQuervain'sSilentPlummer'sJod-Basedow
113
Grave's
HyperthyroidExophthalmosPretibial myxedemaTSH receptor Ab
114
DeQuervain's
HyperthyroidViralPainful in jaw
115
Silent Thyroiditis
HyperthyroidPost-partum
116
Plummer's
HyperthyroidBenign adenomaOld person
117
Jod-Basedow
Transient hyperthyroid d/t increased iodine
118
Hypothyroid Diseases
Hashimoto'sReidel's StrumaCretinismEuthryroid Sick SyndromeWolff-Chaikoff
119
Hashimoto's
HypothyroidAntimicrosomial AbTPO Ab
120
Reidel's Struma
Hypothyroid Woody Neck
121
Cretinism
Hypothyroid mom and babyFreak features
122
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
Low T3 Syndrome
123
Wolff-Chaikoff
Transient hypothyroidism
124
Testosterone
External male genetalia
125
Mullerian Inhibiting Factor
Internal male genetalia
126
TPO and Thymosin
Help T-cells mature
127
VIP
Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK
128
VIPoma presentation
Watery diarrhea
129
Somatostatinoma presentation
Constipation
130
Hormones with disulfide bonds
PIGI:ProlactinInhibinGHInsulin
131
Hormones with same alpha subunits
LHFSHTSHbeta HCG
132
Hormones that produce acidophils
GHPRL
133
Hormones that produce basophils
FSHLHACTHTSH
134
Hormones released from posterior pituitary
ADH (supraoptic nucleus)Oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus)
