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Physiology > Endocrine- Pt 1-3 > Flashcards

Endocrine- Pt 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

this type of hormone produces a rapid response and accounts for most hormones

A

peptide hormones

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2
Q

list the steps of peptide hormone synthesis

A

DNA–> mRNA–> preprohormone–> prohormone–> hormone

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3
Q

what kind of hormones are these:
insulin
glucagon
ghrelin
leptin

A

peptide hormones

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4
Q

this type of hormone is derived from tyrosine?

A

amine hormones

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5
Q

what 2 major categories of hormones are amine hormones?

A

1- catecholamines
2- thyroid hormones

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6
Q

catecholamines have a ________ response, while thyroid hormones have a _________ response

A

rapid
slow

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7
Q

thyroid hormones are __________, which allow them to diffuse across membranes to bind cytosolic or nuclear receptors

A

lipophilic

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8
Q

this type of hormone is derived from cholesterol

A

steroid hormones

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9
Q

do steroid hormones have a slow or fast response?

A

slow

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10
Q

what type of hormones are these:
cortisol
aldosterone
estradiol
progesterone
testosterone
calcitriol

A

steroid hormones

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11
Q

are steroid hormones lipophilic?

A

yes

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12
Q

does the short or long feedback loop feed back to the HPA axis?

A

long

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13
Q

does the short or long feedback loop feed back to the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormone?

A

short

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14
Q

this connects the pituitary and hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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15
Q

this part of the pituitary is composed of neural tissue

A

posterior pituitary

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16
Q

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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17
Q

2 actions of ADH

A

V1- potent vasoconstrictor
V2- increases reabsorption in late DCT and collecting duct

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18
Q

what 2 factors inhibit ADH release?

A

decreased serum osmolarity
ethanol

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19
Q

cause of central diabetes insipidus

A

failure of ADH release from the pituitary

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20
Q

cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

cells of collecting duct not responsive to ADH

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21
Q

this disease is excessive ADH release and leads to the production of small volumes of concentrated urine

A

SIADH

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22
Q

this hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is responsible for the “letdown” reflex and emotional bonding

A

oxytocin

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23
Q

what inhibits oxytocin?

A

opioids

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24
Q

this part of the pituitary gland is a collection of endocrine cells activated by the hypothalamic tropic hormones

A

anterior pituitary

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25
what stimulates the pituitary to release stimulating hormones?
releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
26
what type of cells in the anterior pituitary release GH?
somatotrophs
27
what type of cells in the anterior pituitary release prolactin?
lactotrophs
28
what class of hormone are prolactin and GH?
peptide hormones
29
list 5 effects of GH
1- increases protein synthesis 2- antagonizes effects of insulin 3- mobilizes fatty acids from storage 4- stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver 5- increased linear growth
30
what hormone inhibits GH and where is it released from?
somatostatin (SRIF) released from the hypothalamus
31
this condition is caused by a lack of GH
dwarfism
32
this condition is caused by defective GH receptors
Laron dwarfism
33
this condition is caused by a GH secreting tumor
acromegaly
34
what hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates prolactin release?
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
35
list 4 effects of prolactin
1- breast development at puberty 2- development of mammary alveoli in pregnancy 3- synthesis of milk components (lactose, casein, lipids) 4- inhibits ovulation
36
what substance released from the hypothalamus via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins is inhibitory of prolactin?
dopamine
37
this substance is a dopamine agonist
bromocriptine
38
list the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and what they release
zona glomerulosa- aldosterone zona fasciculata- cortisol zona reticularis- androgens
39
all adrenocortical steroids are derived from _______
cholesterol
40
this is the rate limiting step in adrenocortical steroid synthesis
cholesterol desmolase *stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary
41
this stimulates aldosterone production at the last enzymatic steps which is unique to the aldosterone pathway
angiotensin 2
42
this molecule is required for glucocorticoid synthesis
11-beta hydroxylase
43
this molecule from the anterior pituitary stimulates adrenal cell growth and activity, processing of cholesterol via CYP450 and is highest in the morning
ACTH
44
list 5 major effects of cortisol
1- gluconeogenesis 2- protein catabolism 3- lipolysis 4- immunosuppression 5- anti-inflammatory
45
what 2 androgenic compounds does the zona reticularis release?
DHEA androstenedione
46
what is the main regulator of aldosterone secretion?
RAA system
47
does high K+ lead to increased or decreased cholesterol desmolase?
increased--> increased Na/K pumps
48
what are 3 major actions of aldosterone?
1- insertion of Na/K pumps (increased Na+ reabsorption and increased K secretion) 2- increased hydrogen ATPase (increased H secretion) 3- fluid volume expansion and increased BP
49
excess aldosterone leads to increased _________ reabsorption and increased _________ secretion, leading to ____________ and increased BP
Na+ K+ hypokalemia
50
low aldosterone leads to decreased ___________ reabsorption and decreased ____________ secretion, leading to decreased BP
Na+ K+
51
this disease is destruction of all zones of the adrenal gland
Addison disease
52
Addison's disease leads to a decrease in these 3 factors. List them and their effects.
1- cortisol: hypoglycemia, anorexia, weight loss 2- aldosterone: hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, hypotension 3- androgens: decreased pubic and axillary hair
53
this syndrome is excess production of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
cushing syndrome
54
this thyroid hormone accounts for 90% of TH production
T4 (thyroxine)
55
this thyroid hormone is the most ACTIVE
T3 (triiodothyronine)
56
are TH lipophilic or hydrophilic?
lipophilic
57
this molecule makes up a large portion of colloid
thyroglobulin
58
thyroglobulin has high amounts of this a.a.
tyrosine
59
this enzyme puts tyrosine and iodine together
thyroid peroxidase
60
this inhibits thyroid peroxidase function
propylthiouracil
61
how does TH move in the blood?
bound to thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) small amount bound to albumin or free floating
62
is active TH free and unbound or protein bound?
free/ unbound
63
liver failure may reduce _____ which leads to an increase in levels of free TH--> negative feedback will inhibit synthesis and lead to ___________ (hyper or hypo thyroidism)
TBG hypothyroidism
64
starvation decreases the conversion of _____ to _____ in the body, but NOT in the brain
body
65
does T3/ T4 bind to receptors outside or inside cells?
inside
66
this disease is a type 2 hypersensitivity in which antibodies stimulate TSH receptors
Graves disease
67
list 4 causes of goiter
1- graves disease 2- TSH secreting hormone 3- autoimmune thyroiditis 4- iodine deficiency
68
what do alpha cells from the pancreas release?
glucagon
69
what do beta cells from the pancreas release?
insulin
70
what do delta cells from the pancreas release?
somatostatin
71
is oral or IV glucose a more effective stimulator of insulin release?
oral- increases intestinal factors
72
what does insulin increase?
glucose uptake into cells glycogen formation protein synthesis fat deposition K+ uptake into cells
73
what does insulin decrease?
glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis lipolysis
74
list 2 insulin effects on adipose tissue
1- increases glucose and fatty acid uptake and triglyceride synthesis 2- decreases lipolysis
75
list insulin effects on skeletal muscle
increases uptake of glucose, glycogen storage and uptake of a.a. and protein synthesis
76
list 2 effects of insulin on the liver
1- increases glycogen synthesis and triglyceride synthesis 2- decreases gluconeogenesis
77
glucose binds to receptors on beta cells which leads to _________ of the beta cell--> insulin release
depolarization
78
list the MOA of insulin
1- binds to alpha subunit--> activation 2- GLUT insertion into membrane
79
true or false- insulin downregulates its own receptor
true
80
this is a type 4 hypersensitivity that causes autoimmune destruction of beta cells
type 1A insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
81
are type 1 or type 2 diabetes more prone to ketoacidosis?
type 1
82
in this condition, the pancreas produces insulin but the insulin has little or no effect and over time, beta cells become damaged
type 2 diabetes mellitus
83
______ is the antagonist to insulin
glucagon
84
list 3 effects of glucagon
1- glycogenolysis 2- gluconeogenesis 3- lipolysis
85
this hormone inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon via paracrine action
somatostatin
86
do you get hyperreflexia with hypo or hyper calcemia?
hypocalcemia - less polarization of cell (easier to depolarize)
87
forms of calcium in the blood
40% bound to albumin 10% bound to phosphate 50% ionized and free in the blood
88
_____ and Ca2+ compete for spots on albumin
H+
89
in acidosis, blood Ca2+ levels are _____
high
90
in alkalosis, blood Ca2+ levels are ______
low
91
this is the main hormone involved in increasing blood Ca2+ levels
PTH
92
what major 3 effects does PTH have?
1- increased resorption of bone 2- increased Ca2+ reabsorption from kidney 3- activation of vit D in kidney
93
how does PTH increase Ca2+ resorption from bone?
increased osteoclast activity
94
what 3 major impacts does PTH have on the kidney?
1- Ca2+ reabsorption in DCT 2- inhibits phosphate reabsorption 3- activation of vit D
95
this hormone reduces bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts
calcitonin
96
3 effects of active vit D
1- increases bone resorption and Ca2+ and phosphate used to rebuild new bone 2- increased Ca2+ and phosphate absorption in intestines 3- stimulates Ca2+ and phosphate reabsorption in the kidney
97
this is a vit D deficiency
rickets

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