Renal- reabsorption, secretion, excretion

Question 1

where does the majority of reabsorption happen?

Answer 1

proximal tubule

Question 2

what is the major cation in the extracellular environment?

Answer 2

Na+

Question 3

how much sodium reabsorption occurs in the PCT?

Answer 3

2/3 (67%)

Question 4

how much sodium is reabsorption occurs in the thick ascending limb?

Answer 4

25%

Question 5

what molecules use the sodium gradient as secondary active transport into the PCT?

Answer 5

glucose
amino acids
phosphate, lactate, citrate

Question 6

what molecule is antiported out of the PCT when Na+ is transported in?

Answer 6

H+

Question 7

________ (+/-) oncotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries favors absorption of water

Answer 7

increased

Question 8

how much glucose is typically reabsorbed?

Answer 8

100%

Question 9

in diabetes, glucose transporters get __________ and glucose __________ (+/-) in urine

Answer 9

saturated
increases

Question 10

glucose begins to appear in urine due to __________ slowing of reabsorption

Answer 10

gradual

Question 11

if there is more glucose in the tubule, where will water go?

Answer 11

follow into the tubule

Question 12

what is the triad of symptoms for diabetes?

Answer 12

polyuria
high glucose in urine
increased thirst

Question 13

the thin descending limb is mainly permeable to what?

Answer 13

H2O

Question 14

this part of the loop of henle is impermeable to water but permeable to solutes

Answer 14

thin ascending limb

Question 15

this part of the loop of henle primarily is responsible for the reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, K+ and Ca2+

Answer 15

thick ascending limb

Question 16

what transports Na+/K+/ and 2 Cl- out of the thick ascending limb?

Answer 16

sodium potassium chloride cotransporter

Question 17

these are capillaries that form a U-shape with the tubules but the flow is in the opposite direction

Answer 17

vasa recta

Question 18

function of the vasa recta

Answer 18

collect the reabsorbed water and solutes from the nephron tubules

Question 19

water leaving the descending loop causes the nephron concentration to get ________

Answer 19

higher

Question 20

solutes leaving the ascending loop causes the nephron concentration to get _______

Answer 20

lower

Question 21

this is a diuretic that blocks the sodium/ potassium/ chloride cotransporter

Answer 21

furosemide

Question 22

water leaving the descending loop enters the vasa recta and is brought _____

Answer 22

up

Question 23

solutes leaving the ascending loop enter the vasa recta and are brought _____

Answer 23

down

Question 24

can sodium be actively transported out of tubule cells into the interstitial space?

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

how is Na+ transported out of the tubule cells into the interstitial space?

Answer 25

via aldosterone inserting more Na/K pumps

Question 26

true or false: actively transporting sodium out of the tubule will reduce K+ levels

Answer 26

true

Question 27

what causes the distal tubule to have variable permeability to water?

Answer 27

vasopressin (ADH)

Question 28

how is Na+ reabsorbed into early distal tubule cells?

Answer 28

Na/Cl cotransporter

Question 29

what kind of cells does aldosterone work on to increase the number of Na+ channels and Na/K ATPases in the DCT and the collecting duct?

Answer 29

principle cells

Question 30

spironolactone is __________ sparing and blocks the action of _______

Answer 30

K+ aldosterone

Question 31

where is K+ mainly reabsorbed?

Answer 31

PCT some in the ascending limb as well

Question 32

this cell in the DCT/ collecting duct is responsible for K+ reabsorption

Answer 32

intercalated cells

Question 33

secretion of K+ in the DCT/ collecting duct occurs through this type of cell

Answer 33

principle cell

Question 34

does cell lysis increase or decrease K+?

Answer 34

increase

Question 35

effect of insulin on K+ levels

Answer 35

shifts K+ into cells increases Na/K ATPase

Question 36

effect of beta 2 agonists on K+ levels

Answer 36

shifts K+ into cells

Question 37

effect of alpha adrenergic agonists on K+ levels

Answer 37

shifts K+ out of cells

Question 38

H+ and K+ are exchanged in the _____ tubule

Answer 38

distal

Question 39

where is urea mainly reabsorbed?

Answer 39

PCT some in the collecting duct

Question 40

where is urea mainly secreted

Answer 40

descending limb

Question 41

effect of ADH on urea

Answer 41

increased reabsorption in the collecting duct

Question 42

these two molecules increase in the blood when the kidney is no longer properly filtering

Answer 42

creatinine and BUN

Question 43

what is the best/ most effective way to measure GFR

Answer 43

inulin

Question 44

what is the most practical method of measuring GFR

Answer 44

creatinine

Question 45

is creatinine reabsorbed?

Answer 45

no

Question 46

is BUN reabsorbed?

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

where is BUN made?

Answer 47

liver

Question 48

this is a sugar that does no readily cross cell membranes, so it is not reabsorbed and is used as a short-term diuretic

Answer 48

mannitol