Pressure Control Systems

Question 1

what is Pa

Answer 1

arterial pressure

Question 2

true or false- BP can be changed at the level of the organ based on the need

Answer 2

true

Question 3

arterial pressure equation

Answer 3

CO x TPR

Question 4

where are two major locations of baroreceptors?

Answer 4

carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 5

increased stretch of stretch receptors leads to ___________ (increased or decreased) frequency of action potentials

Answer 5

increased

Question 6

the carotid sinus nerve works via the ____________ CN

Answer 6

glossopharyngeal (9th)

Question 7

the aortic arch works via the ______ CN

Answer 7

vagus (10th)

Question 8

where are the cardio centers located in the brain?

Answer 8

medulla and lower pons

Question 9

this is where information for BP is integrated, then sent to the response centers of the brainstem

Answer 9

nucleu tractus solitarius

Question 10

vasoconstriction and HR acceleration is primarily part of what innervation system?

Answer 10

sympathetic

Question 11

what neurotransmitter is released from the vagus nerve at the SA and AV nodes during high BP?

Answer 11

ACh

Question 12

what neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic signals to increase HR?

Answer 12

NE

Question 13

what neurotransmitter are released onto heart and blood vessels to increase vasoconstriction and SV?

Answer 13

NE and epinephrine

Question 14

a drop in MAP leads to decreased _______ and increased _______ innervation

Answer 14

PS
sympathetic

Question 15

Constriction leads to _________ (+/-) TPR

Answer 15

increased

Question 16

fluid volume is primarily controlled by what organ?

Answer 16

kidneys

Question 17

list the actions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism (RAAM)

Answer 17

renin released from kidneys
breaks down angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
ACE converts it to angiotensin 2
angiotensin 2 vasocontricts and stimulates aldosterone release

Question 18

what 5 major things does angiotensin 2 stimulate?

Answer 18

aldosterone release
ADH release
Na+ reabsorption
thirst
vasoconstriction

Question 19

where is ADH released from?

Answer 19

posterior pituitary

Question 20

this ADH receptor causes vasoconstriction in the arteriole and increased TPR

Answer 20

V1

Question 21

this ADH receptor causes reabsorption of water into collecting ducts of the kidneys

Answer 21

V2

Question 22

What does ADH stimulate the insertion of in the kidneys?

Answer 22

aquaporins

Question 23

ADH increased the reabsorption of what?

Answer 23

water

Question 24

for the ANP mechanism, stretch receptors in the ______ stimulate the kidneys to do what?

Answer 24

increase urine output

Question 25

the ANP mechanism is used to (+/-) BP?

Answer 25

decrease BP

Question 26

ANP is released from cardiac cells and has these 3 major effects

Answer 26

1- increases Na+ and H2O excretion 2- inhibits ADH release 3- renal vasodilation--> increased GFR--> increased fluid loss

Question 27

this is secreted from the ventricles and is an indicator of heart failure

Answer 27

BNP (B-type atrial natriuretic peptide)

Question 28

this is the loss of Na+ and H2O in the urine

Answer 28

natriuresis

Question 29

do natriuretic peptides promote or inhibit salt and water excretion?

Answer 29

promote

Question 30

peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to what 3 things?

Answer 30

decreased O2 increased CO2 decreased pH

Question 31

activation of the peripheral chemoreceptors leads to activation of what part of the NS?

Answer 31

sympathetic

Question 32

when central chemoreceptors sense high CO2 and low pH, what three actions occur?

Answer 32

increased vasoconstriction increased TPR increased BP

Question 33

vasoconstriction occurs in the presence of ______

Answer 33

nutrients (O2, glucose, amino acids)

Question 34

vasodilation occurs in the presence of ______

Answer 34

wastes (CO2, lactic acid, NO)

Question 35

vasodilator substances are produced as metabolism ______

Answer 35

increases

Question 36

these two things are primary factors in coronary blood flow

Answer 36

hypoxia adenosine

Question 37

local hypoxia in the coronary arteries leads to ________ of the arterioles and ________ blood flow

Answer 37

vasodilation increased

Question 38

if more protein is added to the blood, there will be an increase in capillary oncotic pressure and lead to fluid movement in what direction?

Answer 38

from the interstitial space into the vessels

Question 39

what 4 major things happen during vasovagal syncope?

Answer 39

increased PS activation activation of medullary centers decreased HR and CO decreased TPR