renal- fluid management and filtration

Question 1

how does blood enter each kidnet?

Answer 1

the renal arteries

Question 2

this structure transports urine from kidneys to the bladder

Answer 2

ureters

Question 3

this structure stores urine until voided

Answer 3

bladder

Question 4

this structure carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Answer 4

urethra

Question 5

this is released from the kidney to control RBC production

Answer 5

EPO

Question 6

this is released from the kidneys and controls the formation of angiotensin from angiotensinogen

Answer 6

renin

Question 7

the kidneys convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D which influences _______ balance

Answer 7

calcium

Question 8

the body is what % water?

Answer 8

45-70%

Question 9

plasma is about ____% of blood volume

Answer 9

55%

Question 10

this is the proportion of blood that is made up of RBCs

Answer 10

hematocrit

Question 11

what is a normal hematocrit?

Answer 11

40-45%

Question 12

this is the concentration of particles in fluid

Answer 12

osmolarity

Question 13

what is normal osmolarity?

Answer 13

300 mOsm/L

Question 14

this is addition of high salts (increased osmolarity) that causes a shift of fluid

Answer 14

hyperosmotic contraction or expansion

Question 15

this is the addition of low salts (low osmolarity) that causes a shift of fluid from ECF to ICF

Answer 15

hypoosmotic contraction or expansion

Question 16

this refers to when volume increases or decreases without a fluid shift

Answer 16

Isoosmotic

Question 17

volume contraction always results in _______ (+/-) ECF

Answer 17

decreased

Question 18

volume expansion always results in ______ (+/-) ECF

Answer 18

increased

Question 19

diarrhea results in what type of fluid shift?

Answer 19

isosmotic volume contraction

Question 20

water deprivation results in what type of fluid shift?

Answer 20

hyperosmotic volume contraction

Question 21

adrenal insufficiency results in what type of fluid shift?

Answer 21

hypoosmotic volume contraction

Question 22

isotonic NaCl results in what type of fluid shift?

Answer 22

isosmotic volume expansion

Question 23

high salt intake results in what type of fluid shift?

Answer 23

hyperosmotic volume expansion

Question 24

SIADH results in what type of fluid shift?

Answer 24

hypoosmotic volume expansion

Question 25

where are the kidneys located?

Answer 25

retroperitoneal

Question 26

this is the outer area of the kidney

Answer 26

cortex

Question 27

this is the inner area of the kidney which surrounds the renal sinus

Answer 27

medulla

Question 28

these are cone-shaped structures in the kidney and the base is the boundary between cortex and medulla

Answer 28

renal pyramids

Question 29

this calyce converges to form the renal pelvis

Answer 29

major

Question 30

this is an enlarged chamber formed by major calyces

Answer 30

renal pelvis

Question 31

this structure exits at the hilum and connects to the urinary bladder

Answer 31

ureter

Question 32

is osmolarity higher in the cortex or medulla?

Answer 32

medulla

Question 33

this is a tuft of capillaries in the nephron which receives blood from an afferent arteriole

Answer 33

glomerulus

Question 34

this is a renal tubule that forms a cup shape around the glomerulus

Answer 34

Bowman's capsule

Question 35

this type of nephron has a long loop of henle and is heavily involved in the concentration of urine

Answer 35

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 36

this type of nephron includes most nephrons and has a short loop of henle

Answer 36

cortical nephrons

Question 37

this is the amount of filtrate produced each minute

Answer 37

GFR

Question 38

average urine production/ day

Answer 38

1-2 L

Question 39

what pressure pushes fluid out of the glomerular capillary?

Answer 39

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 40

what two pressures push back against fluid movement out of the glomeruluar capillary?

Answer 40

capsular hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure

Question 41

this law states that the amount of substance entering an organ equals the amount leaving an organ

Answer 41

Fick's law

Question 42

these cells are enlarged smooth muscle cells that are mechanoreceptors and contain renin

Answer 42

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 43

these cells are chemoreceptors that respond to NaCl changes in the filtrate

Answer 43

macula densa

Question 44

an increase in NaCl ions in the filtrate triggers the release of ________ from macula densa cells

Answer 44

adenosine

Question 45

adenosine causes _________ of afferent aterioles, leading to ________ GFR

Answer 45

vasoconstriction decreased

Question 46

afferent and efferent arterioles are controlled by what receptor type

Answer 46

alpha 1

Question 47

sympathetic activation will _________ blood flow and filtration rate

Answer 47

decrease

Question 48

constricting the _____ arteriole leads to decreased GFR

Answer 48

afferent

Question 49

constricting the _____ arteriole leads to increased GFR

Answer 49

efferent

Question 50

PGs cause __________ in the kidneys

Answer 50

vasodilation

Question 51

these capillaries are specialized for filtration and have fenestrations

Answer 51

glomerular capillaries

Question 52

these capillaries are where most filtrate is reabsorbed and secretion occurs

Answer 52

peritubular capillaries

Question 53

these capillaries are important for maintaining proper osmolarity from cortex to medulla

Answer 53

peritubular

Question 54

this is where filtrate enters the glomerular capsular space

Answer 54

filtration slits between the foot processes of podocytes

Question 55

this is the fraction of blood that enters the glomerulus but is filtered into the renal tubules

Answer 55

filtration fraction

Question 56

is capillary oncotic pressure higher at the afferent or efferent arteriole end?

Answer 56

efferent

Question 57

this is the volume of plasma that is cleared of a substance in one min

Answer 57

renal clearance

Question 58

this substance is used to determine renal clearance because it is freely filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted

Answer 58

inulin

Question 59

clearance of inulin = ___

Answer 59

GFR

Question 60

________ can significantly increase the renal clearance of a substance to be greater than GFR

Answer 60

secretion

Question 61

once something moves into the tubule, it's next stop is ________, unless it is reabsorbed

Answer 61

excretion as urine