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GI 1 Flashcards

1
Q

this is 2 layers of peritoneum that has loose CT in between and holds organs in place

A

mesenteries

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2
Q

this layer of the GI tract is the protective outer layer that is continuous with mesentery and peritoneum and contains nerves, lymph, and blood vessels

A

serosa

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3
Q

this layer of the GI tract has circular and longitudinal muscles

A

muscularis

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4
Q

this layer of the GI tract has glands and vessels around the lumen

A

mucosa and submucosa

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5
Q

this layer faces the lumen of the GI tract

A

mucosal layer

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6
Q

this layer of the GI tract faces the blood

A

serosal

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7
Q

PS innervation of upper GI tract

A

vagus nerve

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8
Q

PS innervation of lower GI tract

A

pelvic nerve

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9
Q

for PS innervation of the GI tract, postganglionic may be cholinergic or…

A

peptidergic

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10
Q

this innervation of the GI system controls chyme osmolarity and acidity and concentration of specific digestion products

A

intrinsic/ enteric

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11
Q

hormones of the GI tract include…

A

gastrin, CCK and secretin

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12
Q

paracrine molecules of the GI tract include…

A

histamin and somatostatin

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13
Q

these molecules are used in the GI tract for direct control

A

neurocrines

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14
Q

glucose
fructose
galactose
are what type of carb?

A

monosaccharides

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15
Q

sucrose
maltose
lactose
are what type of carb?

A

disaccharides

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16
Q

statch
glycogen
cellulose
are what type of carb?

A

polysaccharide

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17
Q

what are three major types of lipids?

A

triglycerides
cholesterol
phospholipids

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18
Q

this phase of digestion includes smelling, seeing, or thinking about food

A

cephalic phase

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19
Q

this phase of digestion occurs in the stomach

A

gastric phase

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20
Q

this phase of digestion occurs in the small and large intestines

A

intestinal phase

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21
Q

these types of teeth bite or cut off food

A

incisors and canines

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22
Q

this type of tooth grinds food

A

molar-type

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23
Q

this reflex controls basic movements involved in chewing and is from the medulla

A

mastication reflex

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24
Q

chewing food increases ______

A

surface area

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25
this salivary gland is the largest and is anterior to the ear
parotid
26
this salivary gland is on the posterior half of the inferior mandible and the duct enters the oral cavity laterally to the lingual frenulum
submandibular
27
this salivary gland is the smallest and is under the tongue
sublingual
28
saliva is high in ____ but low in ____ and ____
K+ Na+ and Cl-
29
true or false: saliva contains HCO3- buffers
true
30
is saliva production mainly PS or sympathetic?
PS
31
what main enzymes are produced and released in the oral cavity?
amylase lipase
32
what glands release lipase?
sublingual glands
33
what activates lipase?
stomach acid
34
this sphincter involved in swallowing is striated and is conscious control
upper esophageal sphincter
35
this sphincter involved in swallowing has no conscious control
lower esophageal sphincter
36
in this phase of swallowing, the bolus of food moves from the oral cavity to the pharynx
voluntary oral phase
37
in this phase of swallowing, the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes for the food bolus and the epiglottis is tipped posteriorly to block the trachea
pharyngeal phase
38
in this phase of swallowing, stretching of the food bolus causes peristalsis and the opening of the lower esophageal sphincter
esophageal phase
39
what 2 things do parietal cells release?
HCl and intrinsic factor
40
what conversion does HCl aid in?
pepsinogen--> pepsin
41
are carbs broken down in the stomach?
no, amylase is deactivated by HCl
42
what is the purpose of mucus in the stomach?
protection from HCl
43
this molecule is released from parietal cells and binds with vitamin B12 which is necessary for RBC production
intrinsic factor
44
lack of intrinsic factor can lead to what condition...
pernicious anemia
45
what do ECL cells release?
histamine
46
what do chief cells release?
pepsinogen
47
what do G-cells release?
gastrin
48
what is the order of stimulation of the stomach cells?
G-cells ECL cells parietal cells chief cells
49
this refers to a rebound increase of HCO3- in the blood with increased stomach acid production
alkaline tide
50
an alkaline tide can _______ (+/-) plasma and urinary pH
increase
51
what are 4 agents that inhibit HCl secretion?
PPIs H2 antagonists PS antagonists Prostaglandins
52
this syndrome is due to a gastrin-secreting tumor that causes high circulating levels of gastrin
zollinger-ellison syndrome
53
in zollinger-ellison syndrome, an overactivation of H+ release leads to what 2 issues...
duodenal ulcers reduced pancreatic lipase production
54
what do D-cells secrete and what triggers it?
somatostatin is triggered by low stomach pH
55
what is the function of somatostatin?
inhibit stomach hormone activation and H+ secretion
56
list the amount of time each macromolecule spends in the stomach from least time to most.
carbs proteins lipids
57
this type of cell in the intestine lines the lumen and secretes mucus
goblet cell
58
what part of the digestive tract is more susceptible to ulcers?
duodenum- H+ from the stomach
59
what hormones are released as a part of the enterogastric reflex when the duodenum senses stretch, acidity, and fats?
secretin CCK
60
this is released from s-cells due to low stomach pH and causes the release of HCO3- from the pancreas
secretin
61
this is released as part of the enterogastric reflex due to presence of fats and amino acids and stimulates these 3 major functions...
release of enzymes from pancreas release of bile by liver and gallbladder reduces rate of stomach emptying
62
what type of cell releases CCK?
I-cells
63
this is the primary stimulant for enzymatic secretion in the intestinal phase
CCK
64
what structure forms the brush border?
microvilli
65
this is a microenvironment for enzyme release and digestion/ absorption
brush border

Physiology (21 decks)

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