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Anatomy > Endocrine System - Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Endocrine System - Chapter 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts or no ducts?

A

Endocrine glands are ductless

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2
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

secrete hormones into the bloodstream to bring about homeostasis

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3
Q

In order for hormones to affect a cell or organ what must they have?

A

a specific receptor for that hormone

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4
Q

What are the 3 major classes of hormones?

A
  • peptide hormones
  • steroid hormones
  • biogenic amines
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5
Q

peptide hormones are also known as what?

A

growth hormones

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6
Q

steroid hormones are also known as what?

A

estrogen hormones

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7
Q

biogenic amines are also known as what?

A

thyroid hormones

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8
Q

What is the function of a feedback loop?

A

regulates hormone secretion

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of feedback loops?

A

negative feedback loop and positive feedback loop

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10
Q

This feedback loop leads to a decrease in a reaction

A

negative feedback

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11
Q

This feedback loop accelerates the process

A

positive feedback

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12
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

controls and oversees most endocrine functions

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13
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

superior to pituitary gland

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14
Q

The hypothalamus controls endocrine activity in what 3 ways?

A
  • control release of regulatory hormone from anterior pituitary gland
  • secrete oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
  • controls stimulation and secretion activities of adrenal medulla
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15
Q

What hypophysis is also known as the what?

A

pituitary gland

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16
Q

The pituitary land gland is connected to the hypothalamus by what?

A

infundibulum

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17
Q

What 2 parts is the hypophysis divided into?

A

anterior and posterior lobes

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18
Q

What anterior pituitary is also known as the what?

A

adenohypophysis

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19
Q

What are the 3 areas of the adenohypophysis called?

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars tuberalis
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20
Q

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system does what?

A

where regulatory hormones travel through a blood vessel

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21
Q

What are the 5 types of anterior pituitary cells?

A
  • somatotrophs
  • thyrotrophs
  • gonadotrophs
  • lactotrophs
  • corticotrophs
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22
Q

Human growth hormone (hGH) is secreted what what anterior pituitary cells?

A

somatotrophs

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23
Q

What does hGH stimulate?

A

tissues to secrete insulin-like growth factors

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24
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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25
What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do?
controls secretions from thyroid gland
26
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is secreted by what?
gonadotrophs
27
Gonadotrophs stimulates the secrete of what?
estrogen and progesterone
28
Estrogen and progesterone serves what function? (2)
- maturation of oocytes in ovaries - stimulate sperm production and secretion of testosterone of testes
29
Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by which anterior pituitary cell?
lactotrophs
30
What is the function of PRL (Prolactin)?
initiate milk production in mammary glands
31
Which hormones do corticotrophs secrete? (2)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH)
32
What is the function of ACTH?
stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete corticoids
33
What is the hormone that influences other endocrine glands?
tropic hormone
34
What does Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) stimulat?
synthesis of melanin and distribution of melanocytes
35
What are the 2 regions of the posterior pituitary called?
- pars nervosa - infundibular stalk
36
What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?
the neural connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
37
What is the function of Oxytocin (OT)?
stimulate uterine contraction and milk ejection from mammary glands
38
Which hormone increases blood pressure via water reabsorption in kidneys and vasocontraction?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
39
Largest Gland in endocrine system
Thyroid Gland
40
The thyroid follicle is composed of which cells?
simple cuboid ells
41
What do thyroid follicles produce?
thyroglobulin (TGB)
42
Where are parafollicular cells loctated?
between thyroid follicles
43
What do parafollicular cells secrete?
calcitonin
44
What is the function of calcitonin?
regulate serum calcium
45
where are the parathyroid glands located?
posterior surface on posterior surface of thyroid galnd
46
What are the 2 types of cells found in parathyroid glands are called what?
chief cells and oxyphil cells
47
What hormone do chief cells secrete?
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
48
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
increase blood calcium levels through bone reabsorption
49
Adrenal glands are also called what?
suprarenal glands
50
The 2 functional parts of the adrenal gland are named what?
outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla
51
What are the 3 distinct layers of the adrenal cortex called?
- zona glomerulosa - zona fasciculata - zona reticularis
52
which layer of the adrenal cortex is the most superficial?
zona glomerulosa
53
which layer of the adrenal cortex is the most deep?
zona reticularis
54
This layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for producing what?
mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone)
55
Aldosterone determines how the kidney deals with what?
sodium and potassium
56
Glucocorticoids are produced what which layer of the adrenal gland?
zona fasciculata
57
cortisol and corticosterone are the main glucocorticoids, which is their function?
help body deal with physiological distress
58
What hormone is produced by the zona reticularis?
weak androgens (which are estrogen and testosterone related hormones)
59
estrogen and testosterone related hormones have what function?
weak sex hormones, until puberty
60
The inner core of the adrenal gland forms what?
adrenal medulla
61
The adrenal medulla consist of what cells?
chromaffin cells
62
What do chromaffin cells secrete?
norepinephrine and epinephrine
63
The pancreas is both what?
a exocrine gland and endocrine gland
64
98 - 99% of the pancreatic cells as what?
pancreatic acini
65
What do pancreatic acini produce?
alkaline pancreatic secretions into ducts
66
1 - 2% of pancreatic cells are small clusters of endocrine cells called what?
pancreas islets
67
What is the function of islet cell hormones?
regulate level of blood glucose
68
The pancreas islet (Islet of Langerhans) is composed of 4 different types of endocrine cells, what are they?
- Alpha cells - Beta cells - Delta cells - F cells
69
Alpha cells secrete what hormone?
glucagon
70
Beta cells secrete what hormone?
insulin
71
Delta cells secrete what hormone?
somatostatin
72
F cells secrete what hormone?
pancreatic polypeptides
73
The secretion of glucagon is stimulated by what?
low blood glucose
74
The secretion of insulin is stimulated by what?
high blood glucose
75
High nutrient load stimulates the secretion of what hormone?
somatostatin
76
The secretion of pancreatic polypeptides are stimulated by what?
protein digestion
77
What is the pineal gland primarily composed of?
pinealocytes
78
pinealocytes secrete what?
melatonin
79
What is the function of melatonin?
maintaining 24-hour circadian cycle
80
Which hormones do the Thymus produce?
thymopoietin and thymosin
81
What is the function of the thymus in association with the lymphatic system?

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