Brain - Chapter 15 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 major regions of the brain?
A
Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brain Stem, Cerebellum
2
Q
Gray matter houses of Nerval Tissue Areas:
A
motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendrion
3
Q
Unmyelinated axons form the what?
A
cortex
4
Q
What does the cortex do for the brain?
A
cover the surface of the adult brain
5
Q
What is the white matter of the brain made of?
A
myelinated axons
6
Q
Where is the white matter located in comparison to the gray matter?
A
deep to gray matter
7
Q
Ganglion
A
cluster of neuron cell bodies within PNS
8
Q
Center
A
group of CNS neuron cell bodies with common function
9
Q
Nucleus
A
center that displays discrete anatomic boundaries
10
Q
Nerve
A
Axon bundles (PNS)
11
Q
Nerve Plexus
A
network of nerves
12
Q
Tract
A
CNS axon bundle where axon have similar function and share common origin and destination
13
Q
Funiculus
A
Group of tracts in specific area of spinal cord
14
Q
Pathway
A
connect CNS with body origins and systems
15
Q
What are the functions of the cranial meninges? (4)
A
-separate soft tissue of brain from bones of the cranium
-enclose and protect blood vessels that supply brain
-contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
-form veins that drain blood from brain
16
Q
What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
A
circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space
17
Q
What produces CSF?
A
ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
18
Q
Function of CSF (3)
A
- Buoyancy: bone floats in CSF
- Protection: liquid cushion from sudden movements
- Environmental Stability: transports nutrients and removes waste
19
Q
What is the function of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?
A
regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluids of brain
20
Q
Which cells contribute to the BBB?
A
capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes
21
Q
Where is the BBB missing or reduced in the CNS?
A
Choroid plexus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
22
Q
Location of conscious thought processes and origin of intellectual functions
A
Cerebrum
23
Q
The Cerebral cortex (outer layer of the cerebrum) is composed of what matter?
A
gray matter
24
Q
The inner layer of the cerebrum is composed of what matter?
A
white matter
25
Regions of gray matter deep to white matter are called what?
cerebral nuclei
26
What are the gyri?
elevated ridges of surface folds
27
What are sulci?
shallow region of surface folds
28
Deeper grooves than sulci are called what?
fissures
29
What is Hemisphere Lateralization?
hemispheres appear as autonomic mirror images
30
List the Lobes of the Cerebrum (5)
Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Insula
31
The Frontal Lobe houses what?
Precentral gyrus
32
What does the frontal lobe (---> precentral gyrus) control?
Voluntary motor function, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality
33
What does the Parietal Lobe house?
Postcentral gyrus
34
What does the parietal lobe (---> postcentral gyrus) control?
General sensory functions
35
What does the Temporal Lobe control?
Hearing and smell
36
What does the Occipital Lobe control?
Process incoming visual information and store visual memories
37
What does the Insula control?
memory and interpretation of taste
38
What are the 3 Motor Areas of the Cerebrum?
Primary Motor Complex, Motor Speech Area (Broca's Axis), and Frontal Eye Field
39
What does the Primary Motor Complex control?
voluntary skeletal muscle activity
40
What does the Motor Speech Area (Broca's Axis) control?
muscle movement necessary for vocalization
41
Which Motor Area controls and regulates eye movements and binocular vision?
Frontal Eye Field
42
What are the 5 Sensory Areas of the Cerebrum?
Primary Somatosensory Cortex, Primary Visual Cortex, Primary Auditory Cortex, Primary Gustatory Cortex, Primary Olfactory Cortex
43
Where is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex located?
Postcentral gyrus
44
What is the function of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex?
receive general somatic sensory information
45
Where is the Primary Visual Cortex located?
The occipital lobe
46
Where is the Primary Auditory Cortex located?
the temporal lobe
47
What is the function of the Primary Visual Cortex?
receive and process incoming visual information
48
What is the function of the Primary Auditory Cortex?
receive and process incoming auditory information
49
Where is the Primary Gustatory Cortex located?
the Insula
50
What is the function of the Primary Gustatory Cortez?
process taste information
51
Where is the Primary Olfactory Cortex located?
the temporal lobe
52
What is the function of the Primary Olfactory Cortex?
provide conscious awareness of smell
53
What are the 6 Association Areas of the Cerebrum?
Premotor Cortex, Somatosensory Association Area, Auditory Association Area, Visual Association Area, Wernicke's Area, Gnostic Area.
54
What is the function of the Premotor Cortex?
processes motor impulses and coordinated learned skilled motor activities
55
What is the function of the Somatosensory Association Area?
integrate and interpret sensory information
56
What is the function of the Auditory Association Area?
interpret visual information
57
What is the function of Wernicke's Area?
recognize and comprehend spoken and written language
58
What is the function of the Gnostic Area?
interpret all sensory, visual, and auditory information
59
What is the function of the Association Tract?
connect/link areas in the same hemisphere
60
What is the Association Tract composed of?
Arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi
61
What is the function of Arcute fibers?
link one gyri to another in same hemisphere
62
What is the function of longitudinal fasciculi?
link gyri between different central lobes of the same hemisphere
63
The Commissural Tracts connect/link what?
left and right hemispheres
64
The Projection Tracts connect/link what?
connect all of central cortex
65
What are Cerebral Nuclei?
paired masses of gray matter deep in central white matter in basal region of cerebral hemispheres
66
What does the Caudate Nucleus control?
patterned arm and log movements associated with walking
67
What is the Amygdaloid Body control?
expression of emotions/mood and control behavioral activities
68
What does the Putamen control?
subconscious muscular movement
69
What is the function of the Globus Pallidus?
excite and inhibit activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone
70
What is the function of the Claustrum?
process visual information
71
What is the Diencephalon composed of which parts? (3)
Epithalamus, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus
72
The penial gland and habenular nuclei are located in which Diencephalon part?
Epithalamus
73
What does the Penial Gland secrete?
Melatonin
74
What is the job of melatonin?
regulate day-night cycle (circadian rhythm)
75
What is the function of the habenular nuclei?
relay signals from limb system to mesencephalon; visceral and emotional response to odor
76
What is the Thalamus?
the principal and final relay point for sensory information to be processed and projected to somatosensory cortex
77
What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?
- control ANS
- control endocrine system
- body temperature regulation
- control emotional behavior
- control food and water intake
- regulate circadian rhythms
78
What does the brainstem connect?
forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord
79
What are the 3 regions of the brainstem?
Mesencephalon, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata
80
What are the portions that make up the Mesencephalon? (3)
Tegmentum, Substantia nigra, and Tectum
81
What are the functions of the Tegmentum?
integrate information from cerebrum and cerebellum
82
What does the Tegmentum control?
involuntary motor commands to the erector and spinae muscles of the back to maintain posture
83
Which reflex centers do the Tectum control?
Visual and Auditory
84
Degradation of the Substantia nigra leads to what disease?
Parkinson's Disease
85
What are the 2 regulatory centers of the Pons?
Pneumotaxic and Apneustic center
86
The Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers are responsible for what?
setting basic pattern of breathing
87
Which cranial nerves are part of the Pons?
CN V - VIII
88
What is the role of the Superior Olivaris Complex Nuclei?
receive auditory input and pathways for sound localization
89
All communication between the brain and spinal cord is controlled via what?
medulla oblongata
90
The longitudinal ridges of the medulla oblongata are called the what?
pyramids
91
The pyramids house motor projection tracts called what?
corticospinal tracts
92
Olive in the Medulla Oblongata has what function?
relay sensory joint position information of cerebellar cortex
93
CN nuclei associated with Medulla
CN VIII - XII
94
The nucleus cuneatus receive somatic sensory information from where?
upper limbs
95
The nucleus gracilis receive somatic sensory information from where?
lower limbs
96
The Cardiac Center, Vasomotor Center, and Respiratory Center control what?
blood pressure
97
What are the 3 regions of the Cerebellum?
- Outer gray matter layer of cortex
- Inner white matter
- Cerebellar nuclei
98
fold of Cerebellum are called
folds
99
The 2 hemispheres of the Cerebellum (anterior lobe and posterior lobe) are separated by what?
primary fissure
100
What does the vermis do?
separate left and right cerebellar hemisphere
101
What is the function of the vermis?
receive sensory input on torso position and balance
102
What are the functions of the limbic system?
- process and experience emotions
- effect memory formation through integration of past memories of physical sensations with emotional state
103
CN I
olfactory
104
CN II
optic
105
CN III
oculomotor
106
CN IV
trochlear
107
CN V
trigeminal
108
CN VI
abducens
109
CN VII
facial
110
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear
111
CN IX
glossopharyngeal
112
CN X
vagus
113
CN XI
accessory
114
CN XII
hypoglossal
115
Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?
CN I and CN II
116
Which cranial nerves are purely motor
CN XII
