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Anatomy > Spinal Cord - Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Spinal Cord - Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 functions of the spinal cord?

A

(1) pathway for sensory and motor impulses, and(2) responsible for reflexes

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2
Q

What are the names of the 2 longitudinal depressions on the external surface of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior median sulcus and anterior median sulcus

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3
Q

What are the 5 parts that make up the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and COccygeal

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4
Q

Which end of the spinal cord begins to narrow?

A

inferior end

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5
Q

What is the name of the tapering inferior end of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris

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6
Q

What is the name of the groups of projecting axons inferior to the conus medullaris?

A

cauda equina

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7
Q

Where is the cauda equina located?

A

inferior to the conus medullaris

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8
Q

What is located within the conus medullaris?

A

filium terminale

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9
Q

What is the function of the filium terminale?

A

help anchor conus medullaris to the coccyx

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9
Q

The spinal cord is protect by?

A

meninges

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10
Q

Arachnoid mater is what?

A

real space filled with cerebral spinal fluid

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11
Q

cerebral spinal fluid also fills which space?

A

the subarachnoid space

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12
Q

What are some characteristics of the Pia Mater? (2)

A
  • adheres directly to the spinal cord
  • composed of elastic and collagen fibers
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13
Q

What is the function of the Pia Mater?

A

suspend and anchor the spinal cord laterally to the Dura Mater

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14
Q

What are 2 regions of the spinal cord?

A

inner gray matter region and outer white matter region

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15
Q

The inner region of the spinal cord is composed of what?

A

gray matter

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16
Q

The outer portion of the spinal cord is composed of what?

A

white matter

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17
Q

What shapes does the inner gray matter take in the spinal cord?

A

butterfly shape

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18
Q

The anterior horns are composed of what?

A

cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons

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19
Q

The lateral horns are composed of what?

A

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

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20
Q

Which parts of the spinal cord are lateral horns only located?

A

T1 - L2

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21
Q

Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons make up which horn?

A

posterior horn

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22
Q

unmyelinated axons of the gray commissure are the communication route between what?

A

The right and left side

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23
Q

What does the gray commissure house?

A

a narrow central canal

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24
Q

Each of the 3 regions of the white is called a what?

A

funiculus

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25
Q

The white matter of the spinal cord is partitioned into 3 funiculi (regions) called what?

A
  • posterior funiculus
  • lateral funiculus
  • anterior funiculus
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26
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are associated with the spinal cord?

A

31

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27
Q

The spinal nerves contain what types of axons?

A

motor and sensory axons

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28
Q

Anterior rootlets of the spinal cord merge to form what?

A

a single anterior root

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29
Q

The anterior root contains what type of axons?

A

motor axons

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30
Q

The posterior root contains what type of axons?

A

sensory axon

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31
Q

The spinal nerve splits into branches called what?

A

rami

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32
Q

Where does the posterior ramus innervate?

A

deeps muscles and skin of the back

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33
Q

Where does the anterior ramus innervate?

A

anterior/lateral portions of trunk and upper and lower limbs

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34
Q

Where do the rami communicantes extend?

A

between the spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk ganglion

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35
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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36
Q

All spinal nerves except which one innervates the skin?

A

C1

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37
Q

Anesthesia in one or more segments of the dermatome map could indicate

A

potential spinal nerve damage

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38
Q

anterior rami of spinal nerves T1 - T11 are called?

A

intercostal nerves

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39
Q

Where do the intercostal nerves travel?

A

in the intercostal space between adjacent ribs

40
Q

Subcostal nerves which spinal nerves?

A

T12

41
Q

Where are the subcostal nerves located?

A

below the ribs

42
Q

T1 forms part of which plexus?

A

brachial plexus

43
Q

What is the function of the T2 nerves?

A

innervate intercostal muscles and sensory for axilla and medial surface of arm

44
Q

What is the function of the nerves T3 - T6?

A

innervate intercostal muscles and sensory for anterior chest wall

45
Q

What is the function of the nerves T7 - T12?

A

innervate intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, and overlaying skin

46
Q

What is the nerve plexus?

A

network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves

47
Q

What are the 4 principle plexuses?

A

cervical, trochlear, lumber, sacral plexuses

48
Q

What is the cervical plexus formed by?

A

anterior rami of nerves C1 - C4

49
Q

What do the branches of the cervical plexus innervate?

A

anterior neck muscles and the head shoulders and neck

50
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

the diaphragm

51
Q

Brachial nerves supply what part of the body?

A

the upper limbs

52
Q

Each brachial plexus is formed by what?

A

C5 - T1

53
Q

the pectoral girdle and the entire upper limb of one side are innervated by what?

A

brachial plexus

54
Q

The roots of the brachial plexus unite to form which trunks?

A

superior trunk, middle trunk, inferior trunk

55
Q

The anterior and posterior divisions of each trunk converge to form what?

A

3 cords

56
Q

What are the 3 cords of the anterior and posterior division named?

A

Posterior, Medial, and Lateral cords

57
Q

The 3 cords form what?

A

5 major terminal branches

58
Q

What are the 5 major terminal branches?

A

axillary nerve, median nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, ulnar nerve

59
Q

What does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

deltoid and teres minor

60
Q

The anterior forearm muscles and thumb muscles are innervated by which nerve?

A

median nerve

61
Q

The musculocutaneous nerve innervates what?

A

anterior arm muscles

62
Q

The radial nerve innervates which muscles? (3)

A

posterior arm muscles, posterior forearm muscles, and brachioradialis

63
Q

The ulnar nerve innervates what?

A

anterior forearm muscles

64
Q

What is the Lumbar Plexus formed by?

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves L1 - L4

65
Q

The Lumbar Plexus is subdivided into anterior and posterior divisions, what is the main nerve of the posterior division?

A

femoral nerve

66
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

anterior thigh muscles

67
Q

The Lumbar Plexus is subdivided into anterior and posterior divisions, what is the main nerve of the anterior division?

A

obturator nerve

68
Q

The obturator nerve innervates what?

A

medial thigh muscles

69
Q

The Sacral Plexus is formed from what?

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves L4 - S4

70
Q

The Lumbar and sacral plexuses together are also called what?

A

lumbosacral plexus

71
Q

The largest, longest nerve in the sacral plexus and the body is the

A

Sciatic nerve

72
Q

What are the 2 divisions that make up the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial division and common fibular division

73
Q

What are the main branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

74
Q

The common fibular nerve includes which nerves?

A

deep fibular nerve and superficial fibular nerve

75
Q

The posterior thigh muscles, posterior leg muscles, and plantar foot muscles are innervated by which nerve?

A

tibial nerve

76
Q

The common fibular nerve innervates what?

A

short head of biceps femoris

77
Q

which muscles are innervated by the deep fibular nerve?

A

anterior leg muscles and dorsum foot muscles

78
Q

superficial fibular nerve innerves which muscles?

A

lateral leg muscles

79
Q

What are reflexes?

A

rapid, autonomic, involuntary reactions of muscles to a stimulus

80
Q

To initiate a response to sensory input, what is required?

A

stimulus

81
Q

What 2 things does a rapid response require?

A
  1. few neurons involved
  2. minimal synaptic response
82
Q

What does an involuntary response require?

A

no intent or pre-awareness of the reflex

83
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

the neural wiring of a single reflex

84
Q

What is the pathway of a reflex arc?

A

a PNS receptor —> communication with CNS —> ends in a peripheral effector

85
Q

A reflex arc may be:

A
  • ipsilateral or contralateral
  • monosynaptic or polysynaptic
  • ipsilateral and polysynaptic
86
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

87
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

88
Q

Monosynaptic

A

one synapse

89
Q

Polysynaptic

A

2 or more synapses

90
Q

The stretch reflex has what type of reflex arc?

A

monosynaptic

91
Q

Muscle stretch is monitored by a stretch receptor called what?

A

muscle spindle

92
Q

What does a stretch stimulus result in?

A

muscle reflexively contracting

93
Q

The Golgi tendon reflex has what type of reflex arc?

A

polysynaptic

94
Q

What does the Golgi tendon reflex trigger?

A

muscle relaxation

95
Q

The withdrawal reflex has what type of reflex arc?

A

polysynaptic

96
Q

The withdrawal reflex triggers what?

A

flexor muscles to contract in response to stimulus

97
Q

The crossed extensor has what type of reflex arcs?

A

polysynaptic and contralateral

98
Q

What does the crossed extensor trigger?

A

opposite leg of withdrawal reflex to respond to stimulus

Anatomy (15 decks)

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