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Anatomy > Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

The ANS governs what kind of actions?

A

involuntary

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2
Q

Are the functions of the ANS voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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3
Q

Which neurons of the ANS innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands?

A

motor neurons

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4
Q

Which neurons can excite or inhibit cells in the viscera?

A

motor neurons

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5
Q

The first neuron in an ANS pathway is called the what?

A

preganglionic neuron

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6
Q

The second neuron in the ANS pathway is called the what?

A

postganglionic neuron

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7
Q

Where is the cell body of the preganglionic neuron located?

A

brain or spinal cord

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8
Q

Where is the postganglionic neuron housed/located?

A

within an autonomic ganglion in PNS

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9
Q

The postganglionic axon extends to where?

A

effector (target) cells

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10
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic division?

A

conservation of energy and replenishment of nutrient stores (“rest-and-digest”)

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11
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic division?

A

preparation of the body for emergencies (“fight-or-flight”)

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12
Q

Describe the length of the pre- and post-ganglionic axons in the sympathetic division.

A

preganglionic axon = short, postganglionic axon = long

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13
Q

Describe the length of the pre- and post-ganglionic axons in the parasympathetic division.

A

preganglionic axon = long, post ganglionic axon = short

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14
Q

Which division is responsible for a global response?

A

sympathetic (“fight-or-flight”)

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15
Q

Which division is responsible for a local response?

A

parasympathetic (“rest-and-digest”)

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16
Q

Where are ganglionic neurons found? (2 possible locations)

A

in terminal ganglia close to the target organ or intermural ganglia in the wall of the target organ

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17
Q

Which cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic division?

A
  • oculomotor nerve (CN III)
  • facial nerve (CN VII)
  • glossopharyngeal nerve (CN XI)
  • vagus nerve (CN X)
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18
Q

The preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the thoracolumbar division of the sympathetic division are housed where?

A

in lateral horn between T1 and L2

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19
Q

What does the sympathetic trunk ganglia house?

A

sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies

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20
Q

The cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk is partitioned into 3 ganglia, what are they?

A

superior, middle, and inferior ganglia

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21
Q

What does the cervical sympathetic ganglia innervate?

A

structures in the head and neck

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22
Q

The middle and inferior cranial ganglia house what?

A

neuron cell bodies that extend axons to the thoracic viscera

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23
Q

What does the rami communicantes connect?

A

sympathetic trunk to each spinal nerve

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24
Q

What does the white rami communicantes contain?

A

preganglionic sympathetic axons - myelinated

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25
Q

What does the gray rami communicantes contain?

A

postganglionic sympathetic axons - unmyelinated

26
Q

What are splanchnic nerves composed of?

A

preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion

27
Q

What are larger nerves that extend from the sympathetic trunk ganglia? (5)

A
  • greater thoracic splanchnic nerves
  • lesser thoracic splanchnic nerves
  • least thoracic splanchnic nerves
  • lumber splanchnic nerves
  • sacral splanchnic nerves
28
Q

Splanchnic nerves usually terminate where?

A

prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

29
Q

Prevertebral ganglia include which ganglia?

A

celiac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglia, and inferior mesenteric ganglia

30
Q

Where is the celiac ganglion located?

A

adjacent to origin of celiac artery

31
Q

Where is the superior mesenteric ganglion located?

A

adjacent to origin or superior mesenteric artery

32
Q

Where is the inferior mesenteric ganglion located?

A

adjacent to origin of inferior mesenteric artery

33
Q

Preganglonic axons of the celiac ganglion carry which nerves?

A

greater thoracic splanchnic nerves

34
Q

Postganglionic axons of the celiac ganglion innervate which parts of the body?

A

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal duodenum, part of pancreas

35
Q

Preganglionic axons of the superior mesenteric ganglion carry which nerves?

A

lesser thoracic splanchnic nerves

36
Q

Postganglionic axons of the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate which parts of the body?

A

distal duodenum, part of the pancreas, the remainder of small intestine, proximal large intestine, kidneys, part of ureters

37
Q

Preganglionic axons of the inferior mesenteric carry which nerves?

A

lumbar splanchnic nerves

38
Q

Postganglionic axons of the inferior mesenteric ganglion innervate which parts of the body?

A

distal colon, rectum, urinary bladder, distal ureter, and most reproductive organs

39
Q

Axons exit the sympathetic trunk ganglia by which 4 pathways?

A
  • spinal nerve pathways
    -postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
  • splanchnic pathway
  • adrenal medulla pathway
40
Q

Which 2 pathways are the most common axon exits from the sympathetic trunk ganglia?

A
  • spinal nerve pathway
  • postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
41
Q

Spinal cord to effectors; which pathway?

A

spinal nerve pathway

42
Q

spinal cord to thoracic cavity, internal organs, and effectors of skin of head; which pathway?

A

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

43
Q

spinal cord to abdominal and pelvic organs; which pathway?

A

splanchnic pathway

44
Q

spinal cord to direct innervation of adrenal medulla; which pathway?

A

adrenal medulla pathway

45
Q

What is the purpose of the adrenal medulla?

A

release hormones within the bloodstream to promote flight-or-flight response

46
Q

Which hormones does the adrenal medulla release?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

47
Q

What are autonomic plexuses?

A

collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons, paraganglionic and preganglionic axons, and visceral axons

48
Q

Name autonomic plexuses (5):

A
  • Cardiac plexus
  • Pulmonary plexus
  • Esophageal plexus
  • Abdominal plexus
  • Hypogastric plexus
49
Q

What does the cardiac plexus consist of?

A

postganglionic sympathetic axons from thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia and preganglionic axons of vagus nerve

50
Q

Increasing sympathetic activity of cardiac plexus results in what?

A

increase heart rate and blood pressure

51
Q

Increasing parasympathetic activity results in what?

A

decrease heart rate

52
Q

What does the pulmonary plexus consist of?

A

postganglionic sympathetic axons from thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia and preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve

53
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation cause in the pulmonary plexus?

A

bronchoconstriction and increased mucus gland secretion in bronchial tree

54
Q

Sympathetic innervation of pulmonary plexus causes what?

A

brochiodilation

55
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

innervation by postganglionic axons from both ANS divisions

56
Q

What is the antagonistic effect?

A

actions of the ANS divisions usually oppose each other

57
Q

What does the esophageal plexus consist of?

A

preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve

58
Q

What does parasympathetic activity of the esophageal plexus result in?

A

coordinates smooth muscle activity during swallowing reflex in inferior wall and cardiac sphincter in inferior esophagus

59
Q

What is the abdominal aortic plexus composed of?

A

postganglionic axons projecting from the prevertebral ganglia and preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve

60
Q

What does the hypogastric plexus consist of?

A

postganglionic sympathetic axons and preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the pelvic splenic nerve

61
Q

What does the hypogastric plexus innervate?

A

viscera within the pelvic region

Anatomy (15 decks)

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