Endocrines

Question 1

An hormone is

Answer 1

A bioregulator this will participate in the coordinated interplay between cells, organs , and tissues. It allows them to interact

Question 2

Autocrine substance

Answer 2

It is secreted by the cell and it will affect the same cell

Question 3

Why does the product of autocrine secretion work outside of the same cell

Answer 3

Because there are receptors that are located on the plasma membrane eg growth factors

Question 4

Paracrine secretion

Answer 4

This do not act via the blood they are local acting chemical, they are produced by the cell in the local vicinity, they are deactivated when they get into the blood or can’t move through the capillaries eg prostaglandins

Question 5

Cytokines

Answer 5

These are growth factors that are produced by cell for specifically for cells that are similar eg immune cells lymphokines these are local in action

Question 6

Neurotransmitter

Answer 6

Highly specialized transmitting molecules, involves communication between two neuron, information is moved from pre synaptic to post synaptic, does not gain access to the blood, has a very short life eg acetyl COA , noepiernphrine,dopamine

Question 7

Neurosecretion or neurohormone

Answer 7

Product of a neuron, that is transported dismally away from the neuron where it is in effect, longer half, travels by blood eg ADH anti diuretic hormone and oxytosin

Question 8

ADH

Answer 8

A vasopressin produced in the hypothalamus super optic nucleus and stored in the posterior lobe pituitary and it has pleotropic effects

Question 9

Oxytosin

Answer 9

Oleo tropic molecules involved with the contraction of the uterus during birth process

Question 10

Pheromones

Answer 10

It is the product of a cell of an organism that affect another organism of the Same species, these are ectohormones released to the environment

Question 11

VNO

Answer 11

Vomronasal organ in humans and animals very functional in animals

Question 12

Allelomones

Answer 12

These are types of pheromones there are two types allomones and kairomones

Question 13

Allomones

Answer 13

The donor receives the benefit and the recipient doesn’t eg skunk

Question 14

Kairomones

Answer 14

The donor doesn’t receive the benefit while the recipient does, when humans sweat it attract female Mosquitos due to the production of l lacate in sweat

Question 15

Intrakines

Answer 15

This are chemical that are produced within the cell that will affect the activity of the cell

Question 16

The secondary messenger in signal transduction are

Answer 16

cAMP,cGMP, ca,IP3

Question 17

Exocrine glands secrete

Answer 17

Enzymes especially the ones used for digestion

Question 18

The function of mucus

Answer 18

Act as a lubricant. Guards against dehydration,abrasio, and dissolving odorants. It is a unicellular exocrine

Question 19

Glycocalyx fuzzy coat

Answer 19

These are glycoproteins secreted or embedded on the surface of the membrane, the carbohydrate chains extend off the cell giving a fuzzy like appearance, this found in only animal cells only

Question 20

Packaging and transport of secretion non steroidal

Answer 20

Transcription occurs packaging and transporting occurs at different rate.synthesis and packaging are independent. Except for steroids they can move through the plasma membrane and released outside the cell.

Question 21

Steps of synthesis of hormones

Answer 21

A secretory vesicle is formed containing material, trafficking occurs where it is guided to the surface of the cell by specific trafficking protein, the vesicles fuse to the membrane leading to the membrane opening and let out the vesicle by excocytosis. This process is by ATP

Question 22

Synthesis of hormones begins

Answer 22

With translation in RER, it is a vase intracellular system and has canal in which the product of the ribosome can be deposited. SER is well developed for production of steroid producing cells.

Question 23

The product from RER moves

Answer 23

To the TGN to modify and packaging of the material.

Question 24

TGN has three parts

Answer 24

Cis phase initial part, medial phase and trans phase

Question 25

House keeper proteins

Answer 25

Manufacture secretory product the budding processes is the formation of the vesicles at the end

Question 26

The buddying process of secretory product is done by

Answer 26

TGN coatomer protein which are 7 members be protein that are embedded in the TGN they are connected with ARF

Question 27

ARF is a

Answer 27

G protein..

Question 28

Trafficking of protein

Answer 28

Is done by the binding of ARF to coatomers and vesicle to were they will be processed dissociation is done by the hydrolysis of the G protein from GDP to GTP

Question 29

Folding of protein, congregation of peptides, and condensation occurs in the

Answer 29

TGN

Question 30

Modes of secretion

Answer 30

Merocine, apocrine, Holocrine,cytocrine, and cyotgenous

Question 31

Metro rinse

Answer 31

Excretions of the secretion by exocytosis into an epithelial walled duct or into the lumen. The gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged

Question 32

Apocrine secretion

Answer 32

Apex of the cell is involved example epocrine sweat gland. The secretory material aggregates at the apex of the cell then is secreted .. The cell becomes apoptosis

Question 33

Eccrine sweat gland are used for

Answer 33

Themoregualtion not apocrine

Question 34

Holocrine secretion

Answer 34

The entire cell is the secretion eg sabeseous gland

Question 35

Cytocrine secretion

Answer 35

The transfer of secretory materials from one cell to another. Eg the transferring of melanonin to keratinocytes because they do not make their own melanin

Question 36

Cyotgenous secretion

Answer 36

This occurs when you have an impact cell, the impart cell actually becomes the secretion eg sex cells

Question 37

Endocrine glands

Answer 37

A group of cell that function to produce or secrets a usable substance, ductless glands, hormones are their products deposited into the blood by fenestrayted capillaries

Question 38

Exocrine glands

Answer 38

This have duct that carries the secretion away, the secretory material does not enter into the blood

Question 39

Hormones

Answer 39

It has to be a product of an endocrine gland transported by blood, and acts dismally Fromm site of origin on target cells

Question 40

Categories of hormones

Answer 40

Steroids from the nucleus, formed from a precursor molecule cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone vitamin , glucocorticoid... proteins and polypeptide , derivatives of tyrosine

Question 41

Hormones transported by blood

Answer 41

Water insoluble and soluble

Question 42

Water insoluble proteins

Answer 42

Are conjugated with proteins from the liver for transport

Question 43

Water soluble hormones

Answer 43

Peptide and catecholamines, dissolve in the plasma and transported by diffusing into interestial fluid eg protein and peptides

Question 44

Secretion rate

Answer 44

Determine the level of hormone in the blood

Question 45

Metabolic clearance rate

Answer 45

Kidney and liver removes the hormone from the blood, target cells removes the it from the receptor... Basically rate of disappearance of the hormone from the blood

Question 46

Location of hormone receptors

Answer 46

Located internally and externally of the membrane, or in the cell or in the nucleus

Question 47

Receptor characteristics

Answer 47

Specific, isoforms, saturation, competition, affinity

Question 48

Saturation

Answer 48

Given the response of the cell, the amount of the response is regulated,

Question 49

Competition

Answer 49

Another substance or agonist can bind to the receptor mucking the responses of the original substance

Question 50

Affinity

Answer 50

Some receptor exist in low and high receptor, high quickly binds and low rarely binds but can be forced to

Question 51

Down regulation

Answer 51

Reduction of response of the cell overtime which can involve modification of receptor and of the removal of the receptor