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Adv Physio > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

In the polyphospho inositide system G protein exchanges

A

GDP for GTP and activates phospholipase C

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2
Q

Phospholipase C cleaves PIP2 into three molecules

A

Arachidonic acid, IP3, and Diaclyglcerol

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3
Q

IP3 gets broken down to

A

IP4

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4
Q

IP3 and IP4 promotes the release of

A

Calcium in different ways

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5
Q

In the PPI system ca in the cell favors the activation of

A

Guanylyl Cyclase, which convert GTP to cGMP

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6
Q

In the ppI system cGMP activates

A

Kinase G

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7
Q

Kinase G will activate

A

Some transcription factor which will lead to change in generic levels

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8
Q

IP3 goes to the —– and promote the release of —–

A

SER calicstome ….ca

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9
Q

IP4 opens……channels in the cell membrane

A

Ca

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10
Q

DAG activates

A

Protein kinase C by directing the protein to the cell’s membrane by trafficking protein. It is only activated when it is on the cells membrane

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11
Q

leptin receptor

A

it is pleiothropic, it can either activate other enzyme or it can activate or phosphorylate transcription factor directly. it also affect diet, BMI, and appetite control… it is produce by adipocytes

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12
Q

leptin receptor are directly linked to

A

the jak2 which autophosphorylate or trans phosphorylate when leptin is bind to the leptin receptor. then the JaK2 phosphorylate other protein.

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13
Q

receptor/ enzyme are in the ……. when it is not attached to it ligan

A

inactivated form

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14
Q

second messenger have 3 origins which are

A

it can be synthesized within the cell (cAMP or cGMP)
it can released within the cell by organelle(Ca from SER)
it can be imported from its external
environment ( ca though the ca channel)

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15
Q

second messengers

A

a sudden increase of a molecule in the cytoplasm after a substrate had bind to its receptor on the cell membrane or with in the cyctoplasm

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16
Q

divergent signaling pathway

A

one substrate that can affect two different receptor that hass different signaling cascades leading to two different responses

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17
Q

example divergent signaling pathway

A

salivary gland, the hormone can either bind to the beta or alpha cells of the gland. if it binds to alpha cells there will be a rise of ca in the cytoplasm which leads to secretion of fluid. if it binds to the beta cells there will be increase of the cAMp which cause release of more amylase

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18
Q

Convergent signaling pathway

A

one substate that can affect two different receptors signaling cascades leading to the same response.

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19
Q

example of convergent signaling pathway

A

Liver cells…. substrate can bind to different receptor, one which cause a rise in ca level in the cytoplasm and the other causes a rise cAMP in the the cytoplasm, which will lead to glycogenlysis

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20
Q

Neuro endocrine System

A

composed of specialized neuron that secrets Neuro hormone aka neuro-seretion. there are no synaptic connection between the neuron. the secretion goes into the blood stream in vesicles

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21
Q

neuro-secretion goes into the blood vessel mainly

A

capillaries and acts like a hormone

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22
Q

Neurohemal organ

A

is a collection of secretory neuron and its blood vessel, ADH, pituitary Gland (hypoPhysis ) and Hypothalamus found in the floor of the third ventricle

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23
Q

infundibulum

A

the stem that connects the pituitary gland to hypothalamus

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24
Q

the hypothalamus is located at

A

the base of the brain

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25
infundibulum is formed by
the neural portion of the hypothalamus grows downward during development. some of these neuron will become the posterior lobe( neurohypophyseal) of the pituitary gland
26
the Rathke 's Pouch form
anterior lobe ( adenohypophyseal) . the rathke's pouch is formed by the epithelial cells found on the found of the root the mouth durning development
27
the pituitary gland has
two region .... posterior lobe (neurohypophyseal) and anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a par intermedia
28
posterior lobe
is the neural portion of the pituitary gland. it is further divided to several part
29
pars nervosa
the base of the neurohypophyseal
30
Anterior lobe( Adenohypophysis)
aka pars distalis is the epithelial portion of the pituitary gland that is derived from the epithelial cells found on the roof of the mouth
31
pars intermedia
is also made of epithelial cells that secrets MSH( melanocytes stimulating hormone)
32
melanocytes stimulating hormone
is involved with pigmentation
33
the hypothalamus is made of
several aggregation of nuclei... nucleus are only i the brain. they are collection of nerve cell body in the central nervous system
34
SON supra optic nucleus
this is found in the hypothalamus, that is a secretory neuron that releases ADH. the neural secretion will then diffuses to the capillary found to the ends of the secretory neuron's axon
35
Para ventricular nucleus (PVN)
a nuclei found in the hypothalamus that secrets oxytocin
36
Releasing Factors
are released by special neurons found in the hypothalamus that regulate neural secretion.
37
Median eminence
collection of capillaries found in the hypothalamus that picks up releasing factors release by the special neuron found around the nuclei.
38
hpothalamo-hypophyseal portal vein .
where the capillary give rise to a vein that brings the releasing factor from the median eminence down to a collection of capillaries found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
39
A portal system
means when there are capillaries that bring the blood to a vein then back to capillaries
40
acidophils
cells that picks up acidic dye
41
basophils
cells that picks up basic dye
42
chromophobes
does not have acidic or basic dye
43
there are five cells identified in the adenohypophysis
somato trophs, cortico trophs, thyroid trophs, Gonado trophs , lactotrophs.
44
Somato Trophs
produce growth hormone called somatotrophin, and human growth hormone. it affects body growth, stimulates the secretion of somato medins and IGF( insulin-like growth factor 1), plays a role in glycolysis and break down of fats from tissue , and inhibits insulin.
45
Cortico Trophs
release ADTCH or adrenal tropin, it release glucocorticoids, the adrenal glands are mostly affected by these hormones, it stimulates glucocorticoids that maintain the adrenal corticoid
46
thyroid Trophs
produces a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). its function is to affect the thyroid to release T3 and T4
47
Gonado Trophs
produces a glycoprotein, FSH, LH also called gonado tropins . affects the physiology of gonads of bothe sexs, the reproductive tract, child birth, and development.
48
lacto trophs(mammal Troph)
produce a hormone called lactin, that stimulates the mammary gland and the development of milk secretion and production
49
releasing factor pathway
Neuro gasgular control mechanis, hypothalamus, media eminence, hypophysial portal vein, and into the capillary beds
50
there are four stimulating releasing factors
GHRH, TRH,GNRH, CRH
51
GHRH Growth hormone releasing Hormone
promotes the release of growth hormone release by the Somatotrophs causes the release of Gonadothropic hormones FSH and LH
52
TRH thyroid releasing hormone
affects the thyroid trophs to release TSH
53
GNRH gonado tropic releasing homones
stimulate FSH, LH releasing cells
54
CRH cortical releasing Hormone
stimulate the cortico trophs to release ACTH
55
Inhibitor releasing factor
growth hormone cells, prolatin cell
56
growth hormone cells
release somato stain that inhibit the release and synthesis of growth hormone
57
prolactin cell
inhibited by dopamine
58
GRH, prolactin,MSH affects
only the somatic tissue of the body
59
FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH affect
specific endocrine glands
60
the pathway of hypothalamus to pituitary to releasing the hormone are controlled by
negative feed back
61
long loop feedback
if there is too much of the hormone, the hypothalamus cuts the stimulation of the pituitary gland which then stop the release of the different somatic tissue hormone
62
the short loop feedback
when the hormone directly affects he pituitary gland itself

Adv Physio (21 decks)

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