Eyes

Question 1

The eye is compose of how many tunics

Answer 1

Fibrous,vascular ,and nervous tunics

Question 2

Fibrous tunic

Answer 2

The outer most layer of the eyes consisting of sclera and cornea

Question 3

Vascular tunic

Answer 3

Underneath the fibrous tunic, rich in supply of blood very vasculrized and some pigment (choroid)

Question 4

Nervous tunic

Answer 4

The inner layer of the eyes underneath the vascular tunic, the retina lies here with it photoreceptors cells rods and cones

Question 5

The cavities of the eye

Answer 5

There are two eye cavities, posterior cavity and anterior cavity

Question 6

The anterior cavity has two chamber.

Answer 6

Anterior chamber and posterior chamber

Question 7

Anterior chamber

Answer 7

Located in front of the iris and its filled with aqueous humor

Question 8

Posterior chamber

Answer 8

This is behind the iris

Question 9

Accommodation

Answer 9

The process of focusing light to the retina

Question 10

Explain the process of accommodation

Answer 10

Suspensory ligament is attached to the ciliary muscle, the ciliary muscle

Question 11

Presbyopia

Answer 11

The thicken of the eye lens, causing the weaken of the suspensory ligament attached to the lens

Question 12

Relaxation of the muscle make the lens ……. and contracting makes the lens …….

Answer 12

Thicker and thinner

Question 13

The ciliary muscle is controlled by the

Answer 13

Cranial nerve 3 ocular motor nerve

Question 14

The three layer of the retina are

Answer 14

Photoreceptors cells(rods and cones), bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Question 15

Describe the direction of the signal sent when light hits the eyes

Answer 15

Light hits the photoreceptor cells and send the signal in one direction to the brain and the signal reacting to the stimulus travels in the opposite direction

Question 16

The image of the outside world is perceived as upside down but the brain

Answer 16

Flips the image receive form the outside world

Question 17

What is the function of the iris

Answer 17

The iris controls the amount of light that goes through by relaxing and contracting

Question 18

Posterior cavity

Answer 18

Filled with vitreous liquid which is very gel like located located behind the lens

Question 19

Suspensory ligament

Answer 19

Attaches lens to ciliary muscle. It has a thing layer around it can make the eye lens thinner or thicker

Question 20

Ciliary muscle

Answer 20

Pulls on the suspension ligament to focus light into the retina by changing the thickness of the lens

Question 21

Crystalline lens

Answer 21

The lens, it is a transparent structure along with the cornea helps with refracting light to be be focused in the retina

Question 22

Cranial nerve 3 ( ocular motor nerve) controls the

Answer 22

Ciliary muscles

Question 23

The retina is part of what tunic

Answer 23

Nervous tunic

Question 24

Photo transduction occurs in what tunic

Answer 24

In the nervous tunic in the retina

Question 25

Horizontal cells and amacrince cells

Answer 25

Are specialized interneurons that ends up in the ganglion cells

Question 26

Photo transduction converting light waves to nerve signals occurs at the

Answer 26

Ganglion cells

Question 27

The transmition of the nerve signal away from the retina is after the ganglion cell by the

Answer 27

Optic nerve ( cranial nerve 2)

Question 28

Rhodopsin

Answer 28

Found in the outer most part of the rods and there are two parts scotopsin and retinal

Question 29

Photoisomerization

Answer 29

When light changes the configuration of cis-retinal to trans-retinal

Question 30

Rhodopsin form is

Answer 30

Csi retinal and scotopsin

Question 31

Retinal isomerase

Answer 31

Converts trans retinal into cis retinal when there is no light

Question 32

Describe what happens at the outer segment of the rod cell

Answer 32

At the surface of the rod cells there are Na channels opened by cyclic GMP, Na goes into the cell making it more positive. After light hits then cyclic GMP is converted to GMP thus closing the Na channels making it more negative leading to hyper polarization

Question 33

Describe the closing of Na channels

Answer 33

After light hits rhodopsin activates the G protein transducin, producing GTP, GTP activates phosphodiesterase. It then convert cyclic GMP to GMP thus closing the sodium channel

Question 34

Cones uses what opsin

Answer 34

Photopsin

Question 35

Tri color vision

Answer 35

It is based on the fact we see color base on the absorption of three color receptors blue red and green. And the color we see is due to the percentage of the different color cones

Question 36

We see white light because

Answer 36

All the color cones are activated

Question 37

Color blindness is caused by

Answer 37

The absence of different color cone, it is a x linked recessive gene that is generally found males

Question 38

The neurotransmitter released by the photoreceptors at the base of the retinal is

Answer 38

Glutamate

Question 39

Horizontal cells

Answer 39

Transmit signal horizontally and participates in lateral inhibition. The end result is usually inhibitory.. Have graded potential or electronic potential

Question 40

Bipolar cells

Answer 40

There two types the on cells and off cells, the on cells hyper polarize glutamate is inhibitory and the off cells depolarize where glutamate is excitort...it has very short graded potentials

Question 41

Ganglion cells

Answer 41

Carries signal to the optic nerv, has action potential not graded potential, they are self propagating, and there are three types x, y,and w

Question 42

Amacrine cells

Answer 42

Found between bipolar cell, can transmit vertically and horizontally, can interact with bipolar and ganglion cells.

Question 43

The neurotransmitter released by amacrine are cells are

Answer 43

GABA, glycine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and endolamine

Question 44

In the ganglion cells, the frequency of action potential increase significantly

Answer 44

When there is light stimulus

Question 45

W ganglion cells

Answer 45

Linked to rods activates in dim light. It is the least population of the gang lions..diameter is smaller thus does not conduct rapidly

Question 46

X ganglion

Answer 46

Most of ganglion are x, larger diameter, and it is involved with refine structure of light ,associated with cones

Question 47

Y ganglion

Answer 47

Second large rest , involves determination of rapid change in the visual field

Question 48

Retinal ganglion cells has two functions

Answer 48

Participating in the visual function of the eye | Deploys SCN in the hypothalamus

Question 49

SNC

Answer 49

Biological clock controlled in the hypothalamus region of the brain. Which controls the light dark period involving the pigment melonopsin

Question 50

Optic chiasma

Answer 50

The cross over effect to the ociptal lobe