1
Q
_________ voice emphasizes the person performing the action
A
Active
2
Q
__________ voice emphasizes the person/object receiving the action
A
Passive
3
Q
What voice is generally preferred in paper writing?
A
Passive voice
4
Q
7 parts of a research paper
A
Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References
5
Q
What is a concise summary of an article?
A
Abstract
6
Q
Peer-reviewed publications = _________ literature
A
White
7
Q
What is material that was published without peer review known as?
A
Grey literature
8
Q
What type of articles go through highly critical and rigorous review process by scholars in the field?
A
Peer-reviewed
9
Q
What is it known as when research is made free and available online?
A
Online access
10
Q
What refers to unethical academic journals and publishers that exploit researches by charging them high fees to publish their work without providing proper editorial and peer-review processes?
A
Predatory publishing
11
Q
What type of sources provide direct evidence/content for a given topic of interest?
A
Primary sources
12
Q
What is the best source for definitive answers?
A
Primary sources
13
Q
What sources interpret, analyze, and synthesize one or more primary sources?
A
Secondary sources
14
Q
What contentious metric helps compare journals?
A
Impact factor
15
Q
What is the most common reference formatting for medical journals?
A
AMA
16
Q
A study in which people are observed to see whether a relationship exists between a risk factor and a disease
A
Observational study
17
Q
What is the most commonly used study design in epidemiology?
A
Observational study
18
Q
A study in which an investigator influences a factor which is hypothesized to affect the outcome of interest
A
Experimental studies
19
Q
What describes the amount and distribution of disease within a population, without regard to causality?
A
Descriptive epidemiology
20
Q
Descriptive epidemiology identifies to __________, _________ and __________ disease is occurring
A
Whom, when, and where
21
Q
A ___________ is the description of a single case of disease
A
Case report
22
Q
A ___________ is an observational study that evaluates a series of cases of a disease
A
Case series
23
Q
What type of studies evaluate the relationship between diseases and risk factors at a specific point in time and in a defined population?
A
Cross-sectional studies (aka Prevalence studies)
24
Q
Cross-sectional studies usually divide the population into two groups. What are they?
A
Exposed to risk factor of concern, Not exposed
25
What type of studies evaluate populations or groups of people, collect information in distinct populations living in specific geographical areas?
Ecological studies
26
The main purpose of _______________ is to describe a disease in multiple people
Case series
27
The main purpose of ______________ is to describe a disease course in one person
Case report
28
The main purpose of a ________________________ is to measure amount of disease and risk in a population
Cross-sectional study
29
The main purpose of a ___________________ is to generate hypotheses relating to a population in a certain area
Ecological study
30
_______________ epidemiology is concerned with causes and effects of a disease within a population
Analytic
31
What direction of a study is this? Exposure status determined, and subject then followed for development of disease
Forward direction
32
What direction of a study is this? Subjects selected based on whether they do or do not have the outcome, then their previous exposures are determined
Backward direction
33
What direction of a study is this? Exposure status and outcome observed at same point in time
Non-directional
34
What type of studies follow groups into the future to observe presence or absence of disease?
Prospective studies
35
What type of studies look at presence or absence of disease in the past?
Retrospective studies
36
any group of people who are related in some way or who have experienced the same life events within a selected period of time
Cohort
37
_________ studies involve people who do not have a disease that are monitored for a set amount of time to see if disease develops
Cohort
38
Advantages of cohort studies
Complete information, Measure incidence
39
Disadvantages of cohort studies
Not useful for rare disease, Not useful if long time between exposure and outcome, Expensive
40
In ________________ studies, participants are divided into case and control groups and then compared with respect to previous exposure/event
Case-control
41
Advantages of Case-Control Studies
Inexpensive, Can be performed quickly, Known number of participants, Useful for rarely occurring diseases
42
Disadvantages of case-control studies
Small number of participants, Greater chance for recall bias, Can't measure incidence
43
What is recall bias?
When subject cannot accurately remember if they were exposed to a risk factor
44
With experimental studies, can the hypothesis affect the patient outcome?
Yes
45
With observational studies, can the hypothesis affect the patient outcome?
No
46
Are 'Pure' experimental studies performed anymore? Why or why not?
No, due to ethical considerations of exposing a group of people to a risk factor
47
What is an experimental study that attempts to determine the efficacy and efficiency of a therapeutic agent such as a drug or procedure?
Clinical trials
48
Efficacy in clinical trials measures what?
Whether treatment improves the health of individuals
49
Efficiency in clinical trials measures what?
Resources consumed by the treatment
50
In clinical trials of a new drug, what is the drug typically compared against?
Placebo
51
Gold standard - (if there is adequate treatment)
Other treatments
52
__________ is a systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that influences the association of an exposure on the outcome
Bias
53
4 types of Bias
Selection, Publication, Information, Confounding
54
Bias arising from the selection of individuals
Selection bias
55
Bias in an estimate arising from measurement errors or misclassification
Information bias
56
Bias due to association of other factors that influence the outcome
Confounding bias
57
the failure to publish the results of a study on the basis of the direction or strength of the study findings
Publication bias
58
What bias is this an example of? Everyone is familiar with a concept because the people polled were at a conference for that concept
Selection bias
59
What bias is this an example of? Eating ice cream increases the risk of shark attack
Confounding bias
60
What bias is this an example of? Only significant results published, non-significant conclusions withheld
Publication bias
61
What bias is this an example of? Studies showing a positive effect of a new weight loss drug are published, while studies showing no effect or adverse side effects are less likely to be submitted or accepted for publication
Publication bias
62
What bias is this an example of? In a survey about mental health, respondents who are more likely to be open about their struggles may provide more detailed answers, while those who are less willing to discuss personal issues are underrepresented.
Information bias
63
What bias is this an example of? A study examining the link between caffeine consumption and sleep quality only includes participants from a university campus, excluding people who work night shifts or have irregular sleep schedules.
Selection bias
64
What bias is this an example of? A research study on heart disease does not account for the fact that individuals with higher levels of physical activity are also more likely to have a healthier diet, leading to misleading conclusions about the role of exercise alone in preventing heart disease.
Confounding bias
65
What is the extent to which a test measures a true value; represents the truth of clinical trials results
Validity
66
What indicates if results of clinical trial can be generalized for use in general population?
External validity
67
What indicates if results of clinical trial represent the truth for people who participated in the trial?
Internal validity
68
__________ is used to eliminate bias
Masking
69
What type of trial is described? Only the Subjects do not know what group they're in
Single-blind trials
70
What type of trial is described? Neither the subject nor the investigators know to which group the subject has been assigned until the end of the study
Double-blind trials
71
Uncontrolled clinical trials have no _________ group
Control
72
Two types of matching that help avoid bias
Group, Individual
73
What uses chance to determine study group assignment?
Random allocation
74
Assigns subjects to study groups by some non-chance process
Nonrandom allocation
75
Not random but is based on some criteria that is not expected to affect the study outcome such as using birthdate for allocation.
Systematic allocation
76
How many phases are clinical trials split into?
5
77
What type of individuals are involved in the Phase 0 and Phase I of clinical trials?
Healthy volunteers
78
Goal of clinical trials phase 0:
Discover if agent will work as desired in humans
79
What must be submitted to the FDA before a drug can be studied in humans?
IDA. Investigational Drug Application
80
What is determined in phase I of clinical trial testing?
Maximum tolerated dose (MTD)
81
In phase II of clinical trials, who are the subjects?
100-200 sick/affected volunteers
82
In phase III of clinical trials, who are the subjects?
Hundreds to thousands in different areas
83
What is submitted to FDA after successfully completing Phase III of clinical trials?
NDA, New Drug Application
84
To be considered ethical, trials must do what?
Obtain full and informed consent from all participating human subjects
85
What analysis is described below? All patients randomized to the study groups were included in the final analysis, irrespective of withdrawals/discontinuations
Intention to treat analysis (ITT)
86
What analysis is described below? Included patients who have completed the study until the end and have completely adhered to study protocol
Per Protocol Analysis
87
What is PRISMA?
Guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
88
What is a systematic review?
Research article that identifies a specific review question and results in a summary of current research literature focused on the original question.
89
Meta analysis is a type of ____________
Systematic review
90
Meta-analyses play an important role in _____________________
Evidence-based practice
91
What is a graphical display of findings from a meta-analysis?
Forest plot
92
Size of square in a forest plot is related to what?
Proportional to Weight of study in meta-analysis
93
A more precise study in a forest plot will show a ____________ square
Bigger
94
When should a meta-analysis not be done?
Low quality studies, Topics included do not directly pertain
95
Scoping review generally addresses what?
Broad question rather than specific as in systematic review
96
Scoping review is less detailed than a ___________ review but more detailed than a ___________
Systematic, Narrative
97
3 requirements for evidence-based clinical practice
A body of quality evidence, A clinician with knowledge and understanding of evidence, Application of evidence with consideration for patient values and preferences
98
5 A's of evidence-based practice
Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, Assess
99
What is PICO(T)
Patient/Population/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time
100
Complete PICO examples on slide 78
101
RAMbo technique for evaluating a study
Used to address key types of potential bias: R = Randomized?, A = attrition?, M = measurement? - b = blind assessors - o = objective measures
102
What is the CRAAP test used for?
To check reliability/credibility of a study
103
CRAAP Test
Currency - up to date?, Relevance - does it apply to your clinical question?, Authority - is the source credible?, Accuracy - is the evidence well-supported, peer-reviewed, unbiased?, Purpose - what is the intent? Inform, persuade, promote?
104
Measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year
Impact factor
105
Impact factor of 10+ is ____________
Remarkable
106
Impact factor of 3 is _____________
Good
107
Impact factor of <1 is __________
Average
108
What is used to quantify an individuals scientific research output?
H-index
109
What is the process where 'quality' of an article is assessed by counting the number of times other authors mention it in their work?
Citation analysis
110
What is the quantitative measure of the quality and quantity of attention that a scholarly work is receiving through social media, citations, and article downloads?
Altmetrics
111
What is a type of meta-analysis aimed at assisting clinical decision-making by reviewing research evidence?
Cochrane reviews
Block 10
flashcards
Decks in class (32)
# Cards
-
mono: psychophysics73
-
mono: functional retina105
-
pharm: intro to ANS62
-
pharm: cholinergic agonists46
-
mono: parallel processing65
-
mono: striate cortex66
-
pharm: cholinergic agonists 280
-
micro: mites, lice, bugs42
-
micro: fungi101
-
epi: ethics and landmark studies91
-
mono: electrodiagnostics74
-
micro: protists94
-
micro: helminths76
-
micro: gram + pathogens123
-
mono: extrastriate cortex68
-
mono: basics of color vision33
-
mono: CIE color system19
-
epi: testing and stats114
-
micro: gram - cocci26
-
pharm: adrenergic agonists80
-
pharm: nicotine antagonists and skeletal muscle relaxants47
-
pharm: indirect agonist and adrenergic antagonist52
-
micro: gram - non-enteric rods51
-
micro: gram - enteric rods53
-
micro: atypical bacteria 157
-
mono: genetics of color vision36
-
micro: patience’s question review119
-
mono: color labels and color opponency43
-
mono: color vision anomalies57
-
micro: atypical pathogens 257
-
epi: study design and evidence based practice111
-
pharm: adrenal and bone86
