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Gross II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression via branches of

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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2
Q

Sensory innervation to face via branches of

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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3
Q

3 major branches of trigeminal nerve

A

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

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4
Q

Ophthalmic Nerve distribution

A

Face and scalp

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5
Q

Maxillary nerve distribution

A

Cheek and area lateral to orbit

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6
Q

Mandibular nerve distribution

A

Chin and temporal Region

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7
Q

Branches of Ophthalmic Nerve

A 
Supraorbital N
Supratrochlear N
External Nasal N
Infratrochlear N
Lacrimal N
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8
Q

Branches of Maxillary N

A

Zygomaticotemporal N
Zygomaticofacial N
Infraorbital N

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9
Q

Branches of Mandibular N

A

Auriculotemporal N
Buccal N
Mental N

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10
Q

Most frequently injured nerve with blows to face; common in boxers

A

Infraorbital nerve

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11
Q

Tear production

A

Lacrimal N

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12
Q

Supplies cheek

A

Buccal N

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13
Q

Supplies chin

A

Mental N

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14
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

A

Sudden attaches of severe pain occurring in area of sensory distribution of trigeminal nerve

Often due to touch

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15
Q

Branches of CN V affected in Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

A 
Maxillary division (MC)
Mandibular division (2nd MC)
Ophthalmic division (lease common)
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16
Q

Spinal trigeminal nucleus extends down to ___ and is involved with ___ from the face

A

C4

Pain reception

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17
Q

Sensory innervation o posterior aspect of neck and scalp from

A

Dorsal primary rami of cervical nerves 2-4

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18
Q

Greater Occipital N from

A

Posterior primary ramus of C2

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19
Q

Greater Occipital N supplies

A

Occipital region

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20
Q

Third Occipital N from

A

Posterior primary ramus of C3

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21
Q

Third Occipital N supplies

A

Upper part of back of neck

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22
Q

Posterior Primary Ramus of C4 supplies

A

Lower part of back of neck

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23
Q

__ is strictly motor nerve

A

C1

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24
Q

Sensory innervation of anterior and lateral aspect of neck from

A

Ventral Primary rami of cervical nerves 2-4

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25
Cervical Plexus formed by
Anterior primary rami of C1-C4
26
C5-C8 supply sensory innervation to skin of
Upper limb *brachial plexus
27
Lesser Occipital N
C2
28
Lesser Occipital N supplies
Lateral part of occipital region, posterior to ear
29
Great Auricular N
C2 | C3
30
Great Auricular N supplies
Angle of mandible Area inferior to ear *accompanies external jugular vein
31
Transverse Cervical N
C2 | C3
32
Transverse Cervical N supplies
Anterior surface of neck (throat)
33
Supraclavicular N
C3 | C4
34
Supraclavicular N supplies
Lateral surface of neck
35
3 subdivisions of Supraclavicular N
1. Medial Supraclavicular N 2. Intermediate Supraclavicular N 3. Lateral Supraclavicular N
36
Parts of Ansa Cervicalis
Superior Root (C1 or C1 and C2) Inferior Root (C2 and C3)
37
Ansa Cervicalis supplies 3 of 4 infrahyoid muscles:
Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid
38
Thyrohyoid (4th infrahyoid muscle) receives innervation from
C1 via hypoglossal nerve
39
Phrenic N originates from
C3, C4, C5
40
Phrenic N is motor to ___ and sensory to some membranes of __ and ___
Diaphragm | Thorax and abdomen
41
Platysma | Origin
Superficial Fascia over pectoralis major and deltoid Muscles
42
Platysma | Insertion
Lower border of mandible and angle of mouth
43
Platysma | Nerve
Cervical branch of facial N (CN VII)
44
Platysma | Function
Depresses mandible and draws down corner of mouth
45
Sternocleidomastoid | Origin
Sternal head from front of manubrium, clavicular head from medial third of clavicle
46
Sternocleidomastoid | Insertion
Lateral surface of mastoid process, lateral half of superior nuchal line
47
Sternocleidomastoid | Nerve
Accessory N (CN XI)
48
Sternocleidomastoid | Function
Chief flexor of head
49
Torticollis
Pathological contraction of Sternocleidomastoid Head tilted toward, face turned away from affected side
50
Types of Torticollis
1. Congenital - results from fibrous tissue tumor 2. Muscular - due to birth injury 3. Spasmodic - abnormal tonicity
51
Trapezius | Origin
External occipital protuberance Ligamentum nuchal Spinous process of 7th C and all T
52
Trapezius | Insertion
Lateral third of clavicle, spine of scapula, acromion process
53
Trapezius | Nerve
``` Accessory N (CN XI) C3 and C4 from cervical plexus ```
54
Trapezius | Function
Upper portion elevates, middle portion retracts, lower portion depresses scapula
55
External jugular vein drains
Face and scalp
56
External jugular vein formed immediately below
Parotid gland
57
Union of __ and __ makes up external jugular vein
Retromandibular vein | Posterior Auricular vein
58
Tributaries of external jugular vein
``` Retromandibular vein Posterior Auricular vein Posterior external jugular vein Anterior jugular vein Transverse cervical vein Suprascapular vein ```
59
Prominent external jugular vein can indicate
Congestive heart failure or obstruction of superior vena cava
60
___ triangle lies in front of sternocleidomastoid
Anterior triangle
61
___ triangle lies behind sternocleidomastoid
Posterior triangle
62
Boundaries of posterior triangle
Anterior : posterior border of sternocleidomastoid Posterior: anterior border of trapezius Inferior: superior border of middle third of clavicle
63
Important visceral structures of neck are found in
Anterior triangle
64
Boundaries of anterior triangle
Superior: inferior border of mandible Anterior: anterior midline Posterior: anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
65
Apex of anterior triangle lies inferiorly at
Jugular notch
66
Subdivisions of anterior triangle
1. Submental 2. Submandibular (digastric) 3. Carotid 4. Muscular
67
Only anterior triangle subdivision that is unpaired
Submental triangle
68
Boundaries of submental triangle
Left and right anterior bellies of digastric, body of hyoid bone
69
Floor of submental triangle
Mylohyoid muscle
70
Contents of submental triangle
Minor veins and lymph nodes
71
Boundaries of submandibular triangle
Infer border of mandible, anterior belly of digastric, posterior belly of digastric
72
Flood of submandibular triangle
Mylohoid and hyoglossus Muscles
73
Contents of submandibular triangle
Submandibular gland, internal carotid artery, facial artery, internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal N (IX) and vagus N (X)
74
Boundaries of carotid triangle
Posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
75
Floor of carotid triangle
Portions of thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, Inferior and middle constrictor Muscles
76
Contents of carotid triangle
``` External carotid artery Superior thyroid artery Lingual artery Facial artery Tributaries of internal jugular vein Parts of common and internal carotid arteries ```
77
Boundaries of muscular triangle
Superior belly of omohyoid Anterior midline Anterior border of SCM
78
Muscular triangle floor
Posterior layer of pretracheal fascia
79
Contents of muscular triangle
``` Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyroid gland Trachea Esophagus ```
80
___ does not articulate with any other bone
Hyoid bone
81
Parts of hyoid
Body Greater horn Lesser horn
82
Function of infrahyoid muscles
Move hyoid bone and larynx
83
4 infrahyoid Muscles
Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid
84
__ and ___ make up superficial layer of infrahyoid muscles
Omohyoid | Sternohyoid
85
__ and __ make up deep layer of infrahyoid muscles
Sternothyroid | Thyrohyoid
86
Why are there 4 muscles to depress hyoid bon and larynx
Swallowing Breathing Speech If hyoid fixed, digastric depresses mandible
87
Superficial cervical fascia
Encloses platysma, contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins and lymph nodes
88
Deep cervical fascia divisions
Investing layer of deep cervical fascia Pretrachael fasica Prevertebral fascia Carotid sheath
89
Investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Encloses SCM and trapezius
90
Pretracheal fascia
Encloses thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus
91
Prevertebral fascia
Encloses vertebral column and deep muscles of back
92
Carotid sheath contains
``` Common carotid artery Internal carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve Deep cervical lymph nodes ```
93
Functions of cervical fascia
Provide slippery surface to reduce friction during gross movements of neck and head and swallowing
94
Boundaries of superior thoracic aperature
First thoracic vertebra First ribs and cartilages Manubrium of sternum
95
Arteries that pass through superior thoracic aperature
Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Internal thoracic artery
96
Veins that pass through superior thoracic aperature
Brachiocephalic vein
97
Nerves that pass through superior thoracic aperature
Phrenic Vagus Recurrent laryngeal Sympathetic trunk
98
Viscera that pass through superior thoracic aperature
``` Trachea Esophagus Cervical pleura Apex of lung Thymus ```
99
Thymus produces
T lymphocytes
100
Blood supply to thymus
Internal thoracic artery
101
Innervation of thymus
Stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk and vagus
102
Thyroid produces
Thyroxine and calcitonin
103
___ percent of thyroid glands have pyramidal lobe
50%
104
Levator glandulae thyroideae muscle connects
Isthmus of thyroid gland to hyoid bone
105
Arteries to thyroid gland
Superior thyroid artery (From external carotid artery) Inferior thyroid artery (From thyrocervical trunk)
106
Thyroid ima artery
Inconstant branch to thyroid gland, from brachiocephalic trunk
107
Veins to thyroid gland
Superior thyroid vein (To internal jugular vein) Middle thyroid vein (To internal jugular vein) Inferior thyroid vein (To brachiocephalic vein)
108
Innervation to thyroid
From superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia
109
Endemic goiter
Due to dietary deficiency of iodine Gland enlarges to increase output- hormone largely inactive Symptoms are those of hypothyroidism
110
Exophthalmic goiter
Due to autoimmune disease Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin bind to receptor site and cause overactivity of gland Hormone active Symptoms similar to those of hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)
111
Parathyroid glands involved in
Calcium homeostasis
112
Blood supply to parathyroid glands
Inferior thyroid artery | Superior thyroid artery
113
Innervation to parathyroid glands
Inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia
114
Factors that make thyroid surgery difficult
Parathyroid glands Vascularity Recurrent laryngeal nerve
115
Trachea begins at larynx at
C6
116
Posterior gap of incomplete cartilaginous rings of trachea spanned by
Trachealis muscle
117
Blood supply to trachea
Inferior thyroid artery
118
Innervation to trachea
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
119
Esophagus begins at neck at level
C6
120
Main arteries of head and neck are
Left and right common carotid arteries
121
Esophagus lies posterior to the
Trachea
122
2 branches of the common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery and external carotid artery
123
Pathway of the internal carotid artery
Enters the skull through the carotid canal (in the temporal bone) to supply blood to the brain
124
External carotid artery supplies:
Neck, face, and scalp (structures external to the skull)
125
Branches of the external carotid artery
1. Superior thyroid 2. Ascending pharyngeal 3. Lingual 4. Facial 5. Occipital 6. Posterior Auricular 7. Superficial Temporal 8. Maxillary
126
Terminal branches of the external carotid
Superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery
127
Carotid sinus
A slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where it joins the common carotid. Is a baroreceptor (blood pressure sensor)
128
Carotid sinus innervation
Carotid sinus nerve, a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
129
Carotid Body
Small reddish-brown mass located within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery A chemoreceptors that detects the changes in the chemical makeup of blood in the carotid.
130
Carotid Body innervation
Carotid sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
131
Internal Jugular vein
Largest vein of the neck
132
Internal jugular vein pathway
Begins at jugular foramen as the direct continuation of thee sigmoid sinus. It drains into the brachiocephalic vein
133
Superior jugular bulb
The dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin blow the jugular foramen
134
Tributaries of the Internal Jugular Vein
1. Inferior Petrosal Sinus 2. Pharyngeal Veins 3. Facial Vein 4. Lingual Vein 5. Superior Thyroid Vein 6. Middle Thyroid Vein
135
Inferior Jugular Bulb
The dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic vein
136
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Emerges from the medulla oblongata and passes through the jugular foramen.
137
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) branches
- Tympanic Nerve - Branch to the Carotid sinus - Pharyngeal Branch - Branch to the Stylopharyngeus - Tonsillar Branch - Lingual Branch
138
Tympanic Nerve
Sensory to the tympanic cavity and secretomotor to the parotid gland
139
Branch to the carotid sinus
Sensory to tooth the carotid sinus and carotid body
140
Pharyngeal Branch
Unites with branches from the vagus and sympathetic trunk to form the pharyngeal plexus. Sensory to the pharynx
141
Branch to the Stylopharyngeus
Motor to the stylopharyngeous muscle
142
Tonsillar branch
Sensory to the mucous membrane over the tonsil and to the soft palate
143
Lingual branch
Supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue
144
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
The longest cranial nerve
145
Vagus means
Wanderer
146
Pathway of vagus nerve
Emerges from the medulla oblongata, exits the skull through the jugular foramen, along with the gollosopharyngeal and accessory nerves
147
2 ganglia of the vagus
1. Superior (jugular) ganglion: located in jugular foramen | 2. Inferior (Nodose) ganglion
148
Branches of the vagus in the head and neck
1. Meningeal branch 2. Auricular branch 3. Pharyngeal branch 4. Superior Laryngeal Nerve 5. Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
149
Meningeal branch
Arises from the superior ganglion and supplies the dura mater with sensory innervation
150
Auricular branch
Arises form the superior ganglion. Provides sensory innervation to the auricle, floor of the external auditory meats, and the tympanic membrane
151
Pharyngeal branch
Arises from the inferior ganglion. | The chief motor nerve to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate.
152
Pharyngeal plexus
Made when the pharyngeal branch of the vagus joins the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve and sympathetic trunk. Motor to all muscles of the pharynx (except Stylopharyngeus) and to all muscles of the soft palate (except tensor veli palatini)
153
Superior Laryngeal Nerve
Arises from the inferior ganglion and divides into the Internal Laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve
154
Internal Laryngeal Nerve
Sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx superior to the true vocal cords
155
External Laryngeal Nerve
Motor to the cricothyroid and inferior constrictor muscles
156
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the true vocal folds, and to the trachea. Motor to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid
157
Unilateral Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Respiratory distress, hoarseness (partial aphonia)
158
Bilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Complete aphonia (muteness). May result in suffocation (in cases of spastic paralysis)
159
Causes of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Trauma during thyroid surgery - Goiter or thyroid tumor - Lung tumor - Aortic aneurysm (left side only)
160
2 Parts of the Accessory Nerve
Cranial: originates from Medualla Oblongata Spinal: originates from the sides of the spinal cord
161
Pathway of cranial part of accessory nerve
The cranial party of the accessory nerve joins the vagus just about the inferior vagaries ganglion and supplies the vagus with motor fibers
162
Cranial Accessory nerve supplies motor fibers to:
- Pharyngeal branch of the vagus: to muscles of the pharynx and the soft palate - Recurrent laryngeal nerve: to the muscles of the larynx
163
Hypoglossal Nerve
Motor nerve to the tongue
164
Hypoglossal pathway
Originates in medulla oblongata, exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal, loops downward and forward, deep to the posterior belly and intermediate tendon of the digastric
165
Branches of the hypoglossal
Meningeal branches Superior root of the Ansa Cervicalis Nerves to Thyrohyoid and Geniohyoid Lingual branches
166
Meningeal branch of the hypoglossal
Sensory to the dura mater
167
Superior root of the Ansa Cervicalis branch of the hypoglossal
Motor to the infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid)
168
Nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid of the hypoglossal nerve
Consist of C1 fibers. Motor to the thyrohyoid and geniorhyoid
169
Lingual branches of the hypoglossal nerve
Motor to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
170
Cervical sympathetic ganglia
1. Superior Cervical Ganglion 2. Middle Cervical Ganglion 3. Vertebral Ganglion 4. Cervicothoracic (Stellate) Ganglion
171
Superior Cervical Ganglion
Lies at level of C1-3 and branches into: 1. Internal Carotid Nerve- accompanies the internal carotid artery into the skull 2. Superior CervicalCardiac Nerve- to the cardiac plexus 3. Branches to the pharyngeal plexus
172
Middle Cervical Cardiac Nerve
Lies at C6 and branches to the cardio plexus
173
Vertebral Ganglion
Lies at C7 and gives off a branch to the plexus along the vertebral artery
174
Cervicothoracic (Stellate) Ganglion
Formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion to the first thoracic ganglion. Lies at C7-T1 and branches to the inferior cervical cardiac nerve of the cardiac plexus
175
Ansa Subclavia
A nerve bundle which loops anterior to the subclavian artery, connection the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion
176
Submandibular gland
One of 3 paired salivary glands. Consists of 2 parts: Superficial part and deep part
177
Superficial Part of the Submandibular gland
Larger part and lies within the submandibulaar triangle and in the submandibular fossa.
178
Deep part of the Submandibular Gland
Small and liessuperior to the mylohyoid muscle. 5 cm long and opens into the oral cavity on the sublingual caruncle
179
Submandibular gland innervation
Parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve via the submandibular ganglion
180
Sublingual gland
Smallest of the 3 major salivary glands. Lies superior to the mylohyoid in the sublingual fossa. Empties into the floor of the mouth by 12 short ducts along the sublingual fold
181
Sublingual gland innervation
Parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion
182
Nerves associated with the mandible
Lingual, glossopharyngeal, and hypoglossal
183
Blood vessels of the mandible
Lingual artery and vein and the facial artery and vein
184
Lymph Nodes of the mandible
Submandibular and submental lymph nodes

Gross II (29 decks)

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