Exam 2: Heart Flashcards by Rachel Smith

Pericardium

Fibroserous sac

Encloses heart and great vessels

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Fibrous pericardium

Strong, dense outer part

Continuous w/ pretracheal fascia

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Fibrous pericardium connected to back of sternum by

Sternopericardial ligaments

“Cardiac seatbelt”

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Serous pericardium layers

Parietal layer
Visceral layer

**pericardial cavity in between

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Parietal layer of serous pericardium

Lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium

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Visceral layer of serous pericardium

Adherent to outer surface of heart

AKA epicardium

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Myocardium

Cardiac muscle fibers

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Endocardium

Lines inside of heart

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Chambers

Atrium and ventricles

4 total

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Cardiac tamponade

Fluid leaks into pericardial cavity

External jugular vein becomes prominent

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Transverse pericardial sinus

Posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk

Anterior to SVC and left atrium

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Oblique pericardial sinus

Posterior to heart

Surrounded by L and R pulmonary veins and IVC

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Blood supply to pericardium

Pericardiacophrenic artery
Bronchial artery
Esophageal artery
Coronary arteries

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Most important blood supply of pericardium

Pericardiacophrenic artery

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Innervation of pericardium

Phrenic nerve
Sympathetic trunk
Vagus

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Phrenic nerve passes between

Parietal pleura and fibrous pericardium

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Pericarditis

Inflammation of pericardium

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Pericardial friction rub

Auscultate while patient holds their breath

**if it stops then it is pleural friction rub

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Heart divided by ______ into L and R halves

Septal wall

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Each half consists of

An atrium and a ventricle

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Blood flow through the heart

Vena cavae—RA—RV—pulmonary trunk—pulmonary arteries—lungs—pulmonary veins—LA—LV—aorta

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Pulmonary arteries carry what type of blood

Deoxygenated

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Pulmonary veins carry what type of blood

Oxygenated

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Wall thickness of chambers

LV>RV>LA>RA

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Pulmonary embolism

Obstruction of pulmonary artery by blood clot

Each valve of the heart contains

Valve orifice Fibrous ring Cusps

Pulmonary valve between

RV and pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary valve has how many cusps and what are their names

3 | Anterior, left, right

Aortic valve is between

LV and aorta

Aortic valve has how many cusps and what are their names

3 | Left, right, posterior

Mitral valve is between and it is AKA

LA and LV Bicuspid

Mitral valve has how many cusps and their names

2 | Anterior and posterior

Tricuspid valve is between

RA and RV

Tricuspid has how many cusps and names

3 | Anterior, posterior and septal

Mitral and tricuspid valves are also called

Left and right atrioventricular valves

Lub sound produced by

Contraction of ventricles | Closure of tricuspid and mitral valves

Dup sound produced by

Closure of pulmonary and aortic valves

Pulmonary valve location

Behind medial end of 3rd left costal cartilage

Pulmonary valve most audible over

Left 2nd intercostal space

Aortic valve location

Behind left half of sternum, medial to 3rd intercostal space

Aortic valve most audible over

Right 2nd intercostal space

Mitral valve location

Behind left half of sternum, medial to 4th costal cartilage

Mitral valve most audible over

Left 5th intercostal space at midclavicular line

Tricuspid valve location

Behind right half of sternum medial to the 4th intercostal space

Tricuspid valve most audible over

Left 5th intercostal space at border with sternum

We do not auscultate directly over valve because of

1. Presence of bone 2. Orientation of heart in chest 3. Acoustics of blood flow

Most frequently diseased valve of heart and why

Mitral valve—high pressure generated by LV causes microabrasions of cusps

Second most commonly diseased valve of heart

Aortic

Orientation of heart in thorax

Lies obliquely | Runs forward, downward and to left

Base of heart formed by

Left and right atria

Apex of heart formed by

Left ventricle

Anterior surface formed by

Diaphragmatic surface formed by

R and L ventricles

Left pulmonary surface formed by

Right pulmonary surface formed by

Crista terminalis

Muscular ridge, marks termination of pectinate muscles Separates right atrium proper from sinus of venae cavae

Sinus of venae cavae

Represents embryonic sinus venosus Openings of SVC, IVC coronary sinus and anterior veins of RV

Fossa ovalis

Remnant of foramen ovale — closes at birth

Limbus fossa ovalis

Sharp border of fossa ovalis

Atrial septal defect

Foramen ovale persists as small opening

Probe patent foramen ovale

When the atrial septal defect is small

Clinical atrial septal defect

When atrial septal defect is larger

In atrial septal defect blood shunted from LA to RA causing dilation of

Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk

Openings INTO right atrium

SVC, IVC, coronary sinus, anterior veins of RV

Opening OUT of right atrium

RV (tricuspid valve)

Tracebulae carnae locations

In the ventricles

Trabeculae carnae

Muscular ridges in ventricular wall

Papillary muscles

Cone-shaped muscles originating from ventricular wall

Papillary muscles in right ventricle

Anterior Posterior Septal

Chordae tendineae of right ventricle

Attach papillary muscles to cusps of tricuspid valve

Conus ateriosus

Upper portion of RV, ends in pulmonary trunk

Supraventricular crest

Thick, muscular ridge Separates conus arteriosus from rest of RV

Septomarginal trabecula AKA

Moderator band

Septomarginal trabecula transmits

Right bundle branch of conduction system

Openings INTO right ventricle

Right atrium (tricuspid)

Opening OUT of right ventricle

Pulmonary trunk (pulmonary valve)

Pectinate muscles in left atrium

Found in auricle

Opening INTO left atrium

Pulmonary veins (4)

Opening OUT of left atrium

Left ventricle (mitral)

Trabeculae carneae in left ventricle

Finer and more numerous than RV

Papillary muscles in left ventricle

2— anterior and posterior

Chordae tendineae of left ventricle

Attach papillary muscles to mitral valve

Aortic vestibule

Below cusps of aortic valve Smooth-walled

Opening INTO left ventricle

Left atrium (mitral)

Opening OUT of left ventricle

Aorta (aortic valve)

Interatrial septum

Between two atria

Atrioventricular septum

Above septal cusp of tricuspid and below anterior cusp of mitral

Membranous interventricular septum

Thin, smooth, fibrous Between ventricles

Muscular interventricular septum

Very thick

Membranous parts of septal wall

Interatrial septum Atrioventricular septum Membranous interventricular septum

Exam 2: Heart Flashcards

(90 cards)