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Gross II > Exam 2: Mediastinum > Flashcards

Exam 2: Mediastinum Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between pleural cavities

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2
Q

Imaginary plane that separates superior and inferior mediastinum

A

From sternal angle to T4-T5

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3
Q

Sternal angle indicates level of

A
  1. Superior and inferior mediastinum
  2. Articulation of 2nd rib w/ sternum
  3. Aortic arch
  4. Bifurcation of trachea
  5. Upper border of pulmonary trunk
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4
Q

Blood vessels within superior mediastinum

A

Superior vena cava
Brachiocephalic veins
Arch of aorta and branches

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5
Q

Structures located within superior mediastinum

A

Thoracic duct
Trachea
Esophagus
Thymus

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6
Q

Nerve located within superior mediastinum

A

Vagus
Left recurrent laryngeal
Phrenic

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7
Q

3 compartments of inferior mediastinum

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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8
Q

Anterior mediastinum location

A

Anterior to pericardial sac

Posterior to sternum

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9
Q

Contents of anterior mediastinum

A

Thymus
Lymph nodes
Sternopericardial ligaments

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10
Q

Middle mediastinum bounded by

A

Pericardial sac

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11
Q

Contents of middle mediastinum

A

Heart
Pericardium
Roots of great vessels
Main bronchi

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12
Q

Posterior mediastinum location

A

Posterior to pericardial sac

Anterior to T5-12

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13
Q

Structures located in posterior mediastinum

A

Esophagus

Thoracic duct

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14
Q

Blood vessels located within posterior mediastinum

A

Thoracic aorta
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein

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15
Q

Nerves located within posterior mediastinum

A

Vagus nerve

Splanchnic nerves

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16
Q

Contents of BOTH superior and inferior mediastinum

A 
Vagus nerve
Phrenic nerve
Thymus
Thoracic duct
Esophagus
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17
Q

Trachea begins at

A

Inferior border of cricoid cartilage (C6)

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18
Q

Trachea consists of

A

15-20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings

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19
Q

Rings of trachea function

A

Prevent trachea form collapsing

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20
Q

Trachea bifurcates into _____ at the level of _____

A

Right and left main bronchi; sternal angle (IVD T4/5)

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21
Q

Carina location

A

Within trachea, at bifurcation

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22
Q

Carina separates

A

Openings of right and left main bronchi

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23
Q

Trachea lies anterior to ______ and posterior to ____

A

Anterior to esophagus

Posterior to arch of aorta

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24
Q

Trachea deviates to

A

Right

To accommodate aorta

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25
Right main bronchus is ____________ than left main bronchus
Shorter, wider, more vertical
26
Right main bronchus gives off ______ BEFORE entering hilum
Superior lobar bronchus
27
Right main bronchus divides into ____________ WITHIN hilum
Middle and inferior lobar bronchi
28
The 3 lobar bronchi of right lung then divide into
10 segmental bronchi
29
Left main bronchus is ______ than right main bronchus
Longer, narrower, more horizontal
30
Left main bronchus divides into
Superior and inferior lobar bronchi (within hilum)
31
The 2 lobar bronchi of left lung divide into
10 segmental bronchi
32
Foreign objects during aspiration usually enter
Right main bronchus
33
Lowest point in tracheobronchial tree where cough reflex stimulated
Carina
34
Once object passes carina
Coughing stops
35
Blood supply to trachea
Inferior thyroid artery | Bronchial arteries
36
Innervation of trachea
Vagus nerve | Sympathetic trunk
37
Surfaces of each lung
Costa Mediastinal Diaphragmatic
38
Hilum is on what surface of lung
Mediastinal
39
What structures pass through hilum
Vessels, nerves, bronchi
40
Structures that form root of lung
1. Bronchi 2. Pulmonary vessels 3. Bronchial vessels 4. Nerves 5. Lymphatics
41
Root of lung covered with
Pleura
42
Pleura that is prolonged downward as double layered membrane called
Pulmonary ligament
43
Fissures on right lung
Oblique fissure | Horizontal fissure
44
Right lung has how many lobes
3: superior, middle, inferior
45
Features of right lung
Grooves for azygos vein, esophagus, superior vena cava, R brachiocephalic vein and the cardiac impression
46
Left lung fissures
Oblique fissure
47
Left lung has how many lobes
2: superior and inferior
48
Features of left lung
1. Lingula 2. Cardiac notch 3. Cardiac impression 4. Groove for aorta 5. Groove for left subclavian A
49
Functional units of the lung
Bronchopulmonary segments
50
Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of
1. Segmental bronchus 2. Branch of pulmonary artery 3. Lung tissue 4. Septum
51
Bronchopulmonary segments are clinically important
Can be surgically removed without affecting function adjacent segments
52
Trachea primary tissue
Cartilage rings
53
Main bronchi primary tissue
Cartilage rings
54
Lobar bronchi primary tissue
Cartilage plates
55
Segmental bronchi primary tissue
Smooth muscle
56
Bronchioles primary tissue
Smooth muscle
57
Alveoli primary tissue
Membrane
58
Inflammation of segmental bronchi
Bronchitis
59
Inflammation of bronchioles
Bronchiolitis
60
Inflammation of alveoli
Pneumonia
61
Divisions of trachea
Trachea—main bronchi—lobar bronchi—segmental bronchi—bronchioles—alveoli
62
Innervation of lungs
Vagus — parasympathetic and sensory Sympathetic trunk — sympathetic and sensory
63
Sympathetic activation produces
Bronchial dilation, vasoconstriction, decreases glandular secretion
64
Parasympathetic activation produces
Bronchial constriction, vasodilation, increases glandular secretion
65
Asthma caused by
Spasms of smooth muscle in segmental bronchi and bronchioles
66
Extrinsic asthma
Triggered by allergens
67
Intrinsic asthma
Triggered by stress, cold, exercise
68
Lungs and tracheobronchial tree are rich in lymphatics to
Fight infection — lungs are interface w/ environment
69
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Primary tumor of bronchus
70
Bronchogenic carcinoma directly related to
Cigarette smoking and air pollution
71
Bronchogenic carcinoma often causes enlargement of
Sentinel node
72
Diaphragm separates
Thorax from abdomen
73
Diaphragm is a fibromuscular dome-shaped structure with
Right and left domes
74
Which dome of diaphragm is higher and why
Right because it overlies the liver
75
2 parts of diaphragm
Muscular part and central tendon
76
3 points of origin of diaphragm
Sternal Costal Lumbar
77
Openings in diaphragm
Caval opening Esophageal hiatus Aortic hiatus
78
Caval opening located at
T8
79
Caval opening transmits
Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve
80
The inferior vena cava firmly attached around caval opening in order to
Facilitate venous return
81
Esophageal hiatus located at
T10
82
Esophageal hiatus transmits
Esophagus and anterior and posterior vagal trunks
83
Aortic hiatus located at
T12
84
Aortic hiatus transmits
Aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein
85
Innervation to diaphragm
Phrenic nerve | Intercostal nerves
86
Hiatal hernia
Upper part of stomach protrudes into esophageal hiatus Major cause of GERD
87
Upon inspiration what happens to volume and pressure
Volume increases | Pressure decreases
88
Upon expiration what happens to volume and pressure
Volume decreases | Pressure increases
89
During piston movement what contracts
Diaphragm; pulls domes inferiorly
90
Piston movement causes increase in
Vertical diameter
91
During bucket handle movement what elevates
Lower ribs (7-10th)
92
Bucket handle movement causes increase in
Transverse diameter
93
During pump handle movement what elevates
Upper ribs (2-6)
94
Pump handle movement causes increase in
Antero-posterior diameter
95
Elevation of ribs in bucket and pump handle movements due to
Contraction of external intercostals
96
In NORMAL expiration
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
97
In FORCED expiration
Internal intercostals, innermost intercostals and anterior ab muscles contract
98
Forced expiration includes
Coughing, sneezing, clearing airway
99
Contraction of diaphragm has opposite effect on abdomen than thorax—
Abdominal volume decreased while intra-abdominal pressure increased
100
Hiccups are result of
Spasmodic contraction of diaphragm Irritation of phrenic nerve

Gross II (29 decks)

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