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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Father of modern microbiology

A

Pasteur

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2
Q

Most beneficial microbe

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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3
Q

Germ theory of disease was whose idea

A

Pasteur’s

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4
Q

Triad of health composed of

A

Host
Agent
Environment

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5
Q

Allopathic medicine focuses on

A

Agent

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6
Q

Chiropractic focuses on

A

Host

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7
Q

Public health focuses on

A

Environment

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8
Q

Invented hand washing

A

Semmelweis

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9
Q

Invented antiseptic technique

A

Lister

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10
Q

Invented infection control/ epidemiology

A

Snow

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11
Q

Invented smallpox vaccine/ immunology

A

Jenner

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12
Q

4 processes of life

A

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism

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13
Q

Most important characteristic differentiating euks from pros

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

Inclusions

A

Reservoir of nutrients to be used in harsh times

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15
Q

Endospores

A

Defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions

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16
Q

Endospores only used by

A

Bacillus

Clostridium

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17
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70S (30S+50S)

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18
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80S (40S + 60S)

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19
Q

Where are 70S ribosomes found?

A

Prokaryotes

Mitochondria of eukaryotes

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20
Q

Growth requirements

A 
Oxygen 
Temperature
Ph 
Moisture 
Osmotic pressure
Light 
Food
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21
Q

Most important factor affecting growth

A

Temp

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22
Q

Psychrophilic

A

Prefer cold temps

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23
Q

Mesophilic

A

Prefer moderate temps

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24
Q

Most pathogenic microbes are

A

Mesophilic

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25
Thermophilic
Prefer high temps
26
Most microbes thrive in what pH?
6-9
27
Most animal pathogens work at what pH?
7
28
Most pathogens killed by direct
Sunlight
29
Inoculum
Sample of organism trying to grow
30
Medium
Collection of nutrients
31
Culture
Microbes that grow from inoculum
32
Colonies
Cultures visible on surface of media
33
Selective media
Substances that favor or inhibit growth of particular microbes
34
Ex of selective media
Sabouraud dextrose agar
35
Sabouraud dextrose agar selects for ___ and inhibits __
Fungi Bacteria
36
Differential media
Visible changes in medium or differences in appearance of colonies to differentiate microbes
37
Ex of differential media
Blood agar
38
Ex of selective and differential media
MacConkey agar
39
MacConkey agar is selective for ___ and differentiates between types of Gram - microbes
Gram - Bacteria
40
Magenta/red dye
Safranin
41
Gram stain results
Gram + = purple | Gram - = magenta/red
42
Gram stain uses
Crystal violet primary stain Safranin counterstain
43
Mycobacterial do not have typical
Peptidoglycan cell wall
44
Cell walls of mycobacteria have high ____ content, resistant to decolonization by acids
Waxy mycolic acid
45
Mycobacteria referred to as
Acid-fast bacteria
46
Acid fast stain uses
Carbol fuchsin Primary stain Methylene blue counterstain
47
Acid-fast stain results
Acid fast cells = red Non acid fast cells = blue
48
Endospores stain uses
Malachite green primary stain Safranin counterstain
49
Endospore stain results
Endospores = green Vegetative cells = magenta/ red
50
Characteristics of bacterial cell walls
1. Give cells shape 2. Protects from osmotic forces 3. Assists in attaching to other cells 4. Target of antimicrobial drugs
51
Categories of Bacteria
Gram +, Gram -, Mycobateria, Mycoplasma
52
Gram - membrane contains _________
Lipid A
53
Appearance of Mycoplasma under a microscope
“Fried egg” shape
54
Type of environment mycoplasma inhabits
Osmotically protected
55
Bacteria with no cell wall
Mycoplasma
56
Result of a cell in a hypertonic solution
Crenation
57
Result of cell in a hypotonic solution
Cell lysis or death (swells)
58
Prokaryotes all reproduce
Asexually
59
3 methods of prokaryotic reproduction
1. Binary fission (MC) 2. Snapping division 3. Budding
60
Binary fission
Parent cell replicates its DNA and its membrane elongates, the 2 copies are separated and the membrane invaginates forming 2 daughter cells
61
Bacteria that replicate with snapping division
- clostridium | - corynebacterium (dyptheria)
62
Budding
DNA is replicated, the cell elongates to form a “bud”, the expanded part carries the new copy of DNA into the new membrane, buds off. 1 daughter cell and 1 parent cell at the end
63
Diplococci
2 cocci attached (a pair)
64
Streptococci
A chain of cocci
65
Tetrad
Square (4 cocci)
66
Sarcinae
Cube of cocci (8)
67
Staphylococci
Cocci divides in all directions, forms a cluster
68
Diplobacilli
2 bacilli attached
69
Streptobacilli
Chain of bacilli
70
Palisade
Only formed with snapping division
71
Structure of prokaryotic genomes
Made up of plasmids
72
Plasmids
Small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA that replicate independently. Have survival advantages
73
NOT essential for normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction
Plasmids
74
Types of plasmids
1. Fertility factors 2. Resistance factors 3. Bacteriocin factors 4. Virulence factors
75
Fertility factors
F plasmids. Carry instructions for conjugation
76
Resistance factors
R plasmids Carry genes for resistance to antibiotics
77
Bacteriocin factors
Carry genes for toxins called bactericins Kill competitors
78
Virulence plasmids
Carry instructions that let bacterium become pathogenic
79
Vertical gene transfer
Organisms replicate genomes and provide copies to descendants Normal process in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
80
Horizontal gene transfer
Acquire genes from other microbes of the same generation but could be different species. Donor- contributes genome Recipient cell- takes genome, reproduces
81
3 types of horizontal gene transfer
1. Transformation 2. Transduction 3. Bacterial conjugation
82
Transformation
Recipient cell takes DNA from the environment (without the donor offering; donor could be alive or dead)
83
Competent cell
A cell that can take up DNA and reproduce via transformation Only a few types of bacteria can do this
84
Transduction
Transfer DNA form one cell to another via a virus
85
Generalized transduction
Transduction virus carries random DNA from donor to recipient
86
Specialized transduction
Only certain DNA from the donor is transferred
87
Conjugation
Transfer of DNA from one cell to another by conjugation pili Donor cell requires F plasmid (F+) Recipient lacks the F plasmid (F-)
88
Microscopic eukaryotic microbes
Fungi and Protozoa
89
Parasitic eukaryotic microbes
Protozoa and helminths
90
Percent of fungi that cause disease
30%
91
Mycoses
Fungi that cause disease
92
Thallus
Nonreproductive body of fungi
93
Mold thallus
Hyphae — long filaments
94
Yeast thallus
Sperical buds
95
Dimorphic fungi
Produce 2 types of thalli
96
Generally ______ of dimorphics cause disease
Yeast form
97
Mycelium
Tangled mass of hyphae Typically subterranean
98
All fungi have some means of ______ but most reproduce _____
Asexual reproduction Sexually
99
Asexual reproduction in fungi
Budding | Spore formation
100
Pseudohypha
Series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent
101
Spore formation in fungi
Produce spores that disperse over long distances
102
Protozoa characteristics
Lack cell wall Like moist environments Few are pathogens Most — asexually only
103
All protozoa have _____ and some have ____ and ____
Trophozoite; cyst and contractile vacuoles
104
Trophozoite form
Motile feeding stage | Can reproduce
105
Contractile vacuoles
Actively pump water, protect from osmotic lysis
106
Generalist virus
Infect many kinds of cells in different hosts
107
Specific virus
Only infect particular kind of cell in particular host
108
Helical virus
Spiral
109
Polyhedral virus
Geodesic dome (MC) 20 sides = icosahedron
110
Complex virus
Capsids of many shapes
111
Lysogeny viral replication
Infected host cells grow/reproduce for generations before they lyse
112
Lysogenic conversion viral replication
Phages carry genes that alter phenotype of bacterium
113
Animal virus remain dormant in host cells called
Latent viruses or proviruses
114
Incorporation of provirus into host DNA is
Permanent
115
Prions
Proteinaceous infectious agents Lack NA
116
Prions only destroyed by
Incineration and autoclaving
117
Most predominant area for prion expression
Nervous system
118
Prions cause diseases known as what
Spongiform encephalopathies
119
2 common types of spongiform encephalopathies
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Variant Cruetzfeldt Jacob Disease
120
Normal microbiota AKA
Normal flora and indigenous microbiota
121
Resident microbiota
Remain part of normal microbiota for life
122
Transient microbiota
Remain in body for few hours, days, months, then disappear
123
Axenic sites definition
Free of any microbes
124
Axenic site examples
1. Alveoli 2. CNS 3. Circulatory system 4. Upper urogenital 5. Uterus
125
When do we begin to develop microbiota
During birthing process
126
Opportunistic pathogens
Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances
127
Reservoirs
Sites where pathogens live until they can infect host
128
Zoonoses
Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans
129
Humans are usually
Dead-end host
130
Human carriers
Infected, asymptomatic but can infect others
131
Case vs Carrier
``` Case= develop illness Carrier = never get sick ```
132
Isolation
Separate ILL persons who have disease
133
Quarantine
Separate WELL persons who have been exposed to disease
134
Contamination
Presence of microbes in or on body
135
Infection
Evades body’s external defenses MAY or MAY NOT result in disease
136
3 major Portals of entry
Skin Mucous membranes Placenta
137
Parenteral route
Not technically portal of entry Pathogens deposited directly into tissues
138
What is most common site of entry
Respiratory tract (mucous membrane)
139
Infection
Invasion of host by pathogen
140
Disease
Invading pathogen alters normal body functions
141
Pathogenicity
Ability of microorganism to cause disease
142
Virulence
Degree of pathogenicity
143
Antigenicity
Ability of substance to stim production of antibodies
144
Symptoms
Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by PATIENT
145
Signs
Objective; observed/measured by others
146
Syndrome
Group of symptoms and signs
147
Virulence factors
``` Adhesion Biofilms Extracellular enzymes Toxins Antiphagocytic factors ```
148
Bacterial pathogens attach to each other
Form biofilm Ex: dental plaque

Microbiology (11 decks)

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