Exam 3: Respiratory System Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
Pathogen causing strep throat
A
Streptococcus pyogenes
2
Q
Pharynx appears red, swollen, lymph nodes, with pus pockets covering the tonsils
A
Strep throat
3
Q
Pus pockets
A
Purulent abscesses covering tonsils
4
Q
Main symptoms of strep throat
A
- Sore throat with difficulty swallowing
* *Pus pockets on back of throat
5
Q
Spread of strep throat
A
Respiratory droplets
6
Q
Strep throat is Most common in
A
Children ages 5-15
7
Q
Treatment for strep throat
A
Antibiotics to prevent development of rheumatic fever/heart disease
8
Q
Complications of strep throat
A
Scarlet fever
Rheumatic fever/ heart disease
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
9
Q
Scarlet fever AKA
A
Scarletina
10
Q
Development of scarlet fever
A
a couple of days with strep throat and then pyrogenic toxins trigger diffuse rash
11
Q
Rash causes by scarlet fever
A
- Begins on chest, spreads across body
- Tongue becomes strawberry red
- Rash disappears after a week with skin sloughing
12
Q
Pathogen of scarlet fever
A
Accompanies strep throat
-lysogenized strain of streptococcus pyogenes
13
Q
Diphtheria develops a
A
Pseudomembrane that adheres to posterior throat structures
14
Q
Pseudomembrane in diphtheria can
A
Occlude airway and results in sufffocation/death
15
Q
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
A
Pathogen of diphtheria
- produces diphtheria toxin
- snapping fission, forms palisade arrangement
16
Q
Diphtheria is symptomatic in
A
Immunocompromised or non-immune patients
17
Q
Spread of diphtheria
A
Respiratory droplets or skin contact
18
Q
Diagnosis of diphtheria based on
A
Presence of pseudomembrane
19
Q
Diphtheria is treated with
A
Antitoxin and antibiotics
-severe cases with blocked airways may be opened surgically with a tracheotomy
20
Q
DTap, TDaP
A
Immunization for diphtheria
21
Q
Diphtheria is a _____ upper respiratory infection
A
Dangerous/ can be fatal
Uncommon
22
Q
Generally, upper respiratory infections are ___________ than lower respiratory infections
A
Less severe
23
Q
Sinusitis causes
A
Pain and pressure of affected sinus along with malaise
24
Q
Otitis media causes severe pain in
A
The ears
25
Pathogens causing sinusitis and otitis media
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Haemophilus influenzae b
3. Staphylococcus aureus
4. Moraxella catarrhalis
5. Streptococcus pyogenes
26
Most common Otitis Media pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
27
Most common sinusitis pathogen
Moraxella catarrhalis
28
Sinusitis is most common in
Adults
29
Otitis media is most common in
Children
30
In sinusitis and Otitis Media, bacteria is spread to ______ via the ______
Spread to the sinuses via the throat
31
Treatment of sinusitis
Neti pots can help
| Avoiding dairy while congested (thickens mucus)
32
Treatment for otitis media and sinusitis
Antibiotics in severe cases
| Adjusting (lots of evidence to back this up)
33
Pathogens causing common cold
1. rhinovirus
2. coronaviruses
3. Adenovirus
34
The common cold is a _____ infection
Viral
35
Rhinoviruses are
Highly infective
36
Spread of the common cold
Coughing/sneezing, fomites, person to person contact
37
Best prevention for the common cold
Hand washing
Cough/sneeze into elbow
38
Pleconaril
Anti-viral medication that can reduce the duration of the common cold
39
Bacterial pneumonia is a _____ respiratory bacterial disease
Lower
40
Lungs with bacterial pneumonia are
Inflamed and have fluid-filled alveoli and bronchioles
41
Bacterial pneumonia are most common in
Adults; severity increases with age
42
Pneumococcal pneumonia AKA
Typical pneumonia
43
Signs of pneumococcal pneumonia
RUST-COLORED SPUTUM, short rapid breathing, high fever, cough
44
Pathogen causing pneumococcal pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
45
Pneumococcal pneumonia causes infection by
Inhalation of bacteria
46
A _____ is needed to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia
Chest x-ray- consolidation will show up
47
Once bacteria gets into lungs in pneumococcal pneumonia
Lungs are damaged causing consolidation
48
Consolidation
Area of pus and fluid in the lungs
49
Vaccine for pneumococcal pneumonia
PCV
50
Mycoplasma Pneumonia AKA
Primary Atypical Pneumonia or “walking pneumonia”
51
Mycoplasmal pneumonia can be
Asymptomatic
52
Mycoplasmal pneumonia pathogen
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
53
Spread of mycoplasmal pneumonia
Nasal secretions
54
Klebsiella Pneumnoia symptoms
Pneumonia symptoms plus currant jelly sputum
55
Currant jelly sputum
Thick, bloody sputum
Dark red, very bloody
56
Pathogen causing Klebsiella pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumoniae
57
Klebsiella pneumonia is an _____ infection and is common in _____ patients
Opportunistic infection; common in immunocompromised patients (especially older adults)
58
Haemophilus influenzae b and staphylococcus aureus infections are
Similar to pneumococccal pneumonia
59
Yersinia petis
Pneumonic plague
60
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Causes pneumonia and bronchitis
61
Ornithosis AKA
Psittacosis
62
Symptoms of ornithosis
Flu-like symptoms within 10 days of exposure, may resemble primary atypical pneumonia
63
Pathogen causing ornithosis
Chlamydophila psittaci
64
Transmission of ornithosis
- Inhalation of aerosolized feces or respiratory secretions
- ingested from fingers or fomites
- direct beak-to-mouth contact
65
Legionnaires’ Disease is a ________ respiratory disease
Lower
66
Legionella pneumophila is the pathogen of what disease
Legionnaires’ disease
67
Legionella pneumophila can also cause
Pontiac fever
68
Pontiac fever
Non-fatal flulike illness
Like legionnaires’ disease but without the pneumonia
69
Spread of legionnaires’ disease
Humans inhale bacteria in aerosols from water sources (showers, vaporizers, whirlpools, hot tubs, AC, grocery store misters)
70
People at risk for getting legionnaires’ disease
Elderly, smokers, and immunocompromised
71
Tuberculosis is caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
72
Primary TB is common in
Children
73
TB forms a
Granuloma or tubercle
74
Caseous necrosis
The center of the granuloma or tubercle is cheese-like and decays/necroses
75
When the center of the granuloma/tubercle fills with air it is a
Tuberculous cavity
76
Ghon’s complex
Tubercle plus lymph node calcification
77
Secondary TB is common in
People with suppressed immune systems
78
Disseminated TB
When infection spreads through the body via blood and lymph
79
Consumption
Wasting of body from multiple sites; seen in disseminated TB
80
Diagnosis of TB
1. Tuberculin skin test
| 2. Chest X-ray
81
Treatment of TB
- Combination antimicrobial treatment for months
| - immunization (BCG vaccine)
82
Pertussis AKA
Whooping Cough
83
Characteristic cough that develops with pertussis
“Whooping” sound
84
Pertussis progresses through _____ stages
4
1. Incubation
2. Catarrhal
3. Paroxysmal
4. Convalescent
85
Pathogen causing pertussis
Bordetella pertussis
86
TB in spine
Pott’s Disease
87
TB is spread via
Respiratory droplets
88
People most at risk for TB
Immunocompromised
| -leading killer of HIV+ individuals
89
TB is considered a _____disease because of _________
Re-emerging disease because of drug-resistant strains (MDR, XDR)
90
Pertussis is _________ and spread trough ______
Highly contagious and spread trough airborne droplets
91
Most cases of Pertussis are in ______ and it is a _______ disease
Children; reemerging
92
During which phase of whooping cough is the “whoop” present in the cough?
Paroxysmal phase
93
Coughing fits caused by pertussis are called
Peroxisms
94
Epiglottitis is caused by
Haemophilus influenza b
95
Tripod position
Sitting upright and leaning slightly forward to breath, caused by epiglottitis
96
Transmission of epiglottitis
Person to person, direct contact, droplet inhalation
97
Epiglottitis is most commmon in
Children
98
Epiglottitis
Swelling of the epiglottis that will ultimately block the airway, causing a medial emergency
99
Symptoms of epiglottitis
Strider (loud breathing), chills, cyanosis, drooling, difficulty breathing and swallowing, hoarseness
100
Epiglottis is a
Medial emergency requiring immediate medial help
101
Prevention of epiglottitis
Hib vaccine
102
Pathogen of inhalation anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
103
Bacillus antthracis forms
Endospores
104
Symptoms of inhalation anthrax
Initially resembles cold or flue and progresses to a high fever, difficulty breathing, shock and death
105
Anthrax is spread
By inhalation of endospores.... NOT person to person
106
Inhalation anthrax is _____ in humans and has a ______ mortality rate
Rare in humans and has a high mortality rate
107
Mortality rate of anthrax
Almost 100%, early treatment can save about 50%
108
Influenza is caused by
The influenza virus type A and B
109
Influenza virus AKA
Orthomyxovirus
110
Influenza is a
Respiratory infection
111
Major difference in symptoms between common cold and influenza
Myalgia
112
Type A and B influenza virus have
Two special pieces of proteins
113
Special pieces of proteins in type A and B influenza viruses
Haemagglutinin (Ha) and Neuraminidase (Na)
114
Mutations causing Ha and Na to produce new strains
Antigenic drift and antigenic shift
115
Antigenic drift
Small changes to Ha and Na pieces
116
Antigenic shift
Viruses jump between different animals and get brand new Ha or Na pieces so they look brand new
117
Cause of influenza pandemics
Antigenic shift, makes a totally different virus that couldn’t be predicted
118
Transmission of influenza
Inhalation of virus or by self-inoculation
119
Flu patients are
Susceptible to secondary bacterial infections because the lung epithelium is damaged
120
Complications of the flu are common in
Elderly, children, and those with chronic diseases
121
Treatment of influenza
Anti-virals that must be administered within first 48 hours of infection
122
Prevention of influenza
Flu vaccine
123
Flu vaccine is protective against
Only the flu strains (3 strains) included in the vaccine
124
Famous strains of influenza
1918 Spanish flu
1957 Asian flu
1968 Hong Kong Flu
125
1918 Spanish flu pandemic lasted for _____ years and killed ______people
Lasted for 2 years and killed more than 50 million people
126
The Asian flu killed
About 2 million people
127
Hong Kong flu was _____ and killed ______
Milder; about 1 million people
128
The most significant infectious diseases single event to ever happen
1918 Spanish flu
129
2003 Bird Flu
Found in 400 people, killed over 200 of them
130
2009 “Swine” Flu
Ancestor to 1918 flu
Killed more than 18,000 people
131
Bronchitis caused by
90% viral
| 10% bacterial
132
Viruses causing bronchitis
Rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, and influenza
133
Bacterial causing bronchitis
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, bordetella pertussis
134
Transmission of bronchitis
Person to person via direct or indirect contact
135
Treatment for acute bronchitis is
Symptomatic: NSAIDs, decongestants, expectorants, antitussives, inhalers
136
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) caused by
Coronavirus AKA SARS virus
137
SARS virus is spread by
Respiratory droplets
138
Treatment of SARS
No treatment or vaccine
Prevented by quarantine
139
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Starts as a mild URI and progresses to a LRI
140
RSV can be _____ if these signs are present:
Fatal;
Bluish skin, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, rapid breathing
141
If fatal signs are observed in RSV infection it can be called
Bronchiolitis
142
Pathogen of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (pneumovirus)
143
Respiratory Syncytial Virus AKA
RSV
144
RSV is transmitted via
Fomites, hands, and respiratory droplets
145
MC childhood lower respiratory infection
RSV
146
Treatment of bronchiolitis
Supportive treatment including oxygen therapy
147
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
Resembles the flu, once the infection spreads it causes widespread inflammation and can progress to shock and labored breathing
148
HPS can be
Fatal
149
Pathogen causing HPS
Hantavirus
150
HPS is considered an
Emerging disease
151
Transmission of HPS
Inhalation of visions in dried mouse urine or feces
NOT person to person
152
Treatment for HPS
No specific treatment
153
Croup has a characteristic
“Seal-bark” cough
154
Croup is caused by
Parainfluenza virus (75% of cases)
-could be: RSV, Measles, adenovirus, influenza
155
Croup is most common in
Children between 3 months and 5 years old
156
Transmission of croup
Respiratory droplets and person to person contact
157
Diagnosis of croup
Characteristic seal-bark cough
Supportive treatment unless case is severe (hospitalization, breathing treatments, intubation)
158
Coccidioidycosis AKA
San Joaquin Valley Fever
159
60% of patients with Coccidioidomycosis show
No or few symptoms, they resolve on their own
160
Coccidioidomycosis only spreads to other sites of the body in
Immunocompromised patients
161
Pathogen of Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioides immitis
162
Coccidioides immitis
Pathogen assumes yeast for at human body temperature
163
Spread of Coccidioidomycosis
Only in southwestern U.S. and norther Mexico
Fungal spores from soil enter the body through inhalation
164
Vehicle of infection of Coccidioidomycosis
Dust from endemic areas that coats materials
| - Native American pots and blankets that are sold to tourists
165
Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis
Presence of spherules, treated with amphotericin B if it doesn’t resolve.
166
If Coccidioidomycosis spreads to the CNS
Fatal if untreated
167
Blastomycosis AKA
Gilchrist’s disease
168
Symptoms of blastomycosis
Flu-like: muscle aches, cough, fever, chills, malaise, weight loss
169
Blasomycosis will _____ in most people except those that are:
Resolve; immunocompromised
170
Pathogen of blastomycosis
Blastomyces dermatitidis
171
Blastomycosis is endemic to
Southeastern US north to Canada
172
Spread of blastomycosis
Enters body through inhalation of dust carrying fungal sports
Emerging disease
173
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Produces chronic inflammatory disease of mucous membranes and creates painful ulceration of the gums, tongue, lips, and palate
174
Pathogen of paracoccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
175
Transmission of Paracoccidioidomycosis
Inhalation
176
Histoplasmosis AKA
Ohio River Valley disease
177
Percent of patrons with histoplasmosis that are asymptomatic
95%, in most people
Only 5% develop clinical histoplasmosis
178
Clinical histoplasmosis
Coughing with bloody sputum or skin lesions
Only in immunocompromised patients
179
Pathogen causing histoplasmosis
Histoplasma capsulatum
180
Histoplasma capsulatum is the
Most common fungal pathogen affecting humans
181
Histoplasosis is found
In midwestern US, along Ohio River valley and lower Mississippi River
Also found in Africa and Asia
182
Histoplasmosis fungi is found
In soils containing high nitrogen levels (droppings of bats and birds) near rivers/ lakes/ ponds
183
Spread of histoplasmosis
Humans inhale airborne spores from the soil
184
Histoplasmosis is diagnosed by
A granuloma on a chest X-ray
185
Histoplasmosis infection found in _______ individuals typically resolves _______ treatment
Immunocompetent patients; resolves without treatment
186
Pneumocytosis Penumonia (PCP)
Infection in immmunocompetent is asymptomatic, with lasting immunity
187
PCP caused by
Pneumoocystis jirovecii
188
PCP resembles a _____ more than ______
Protozoa more than fungi
189
PCP is transmitted by
Inhalation of droplets
190
PCP is a common _________ fungal infection in _______ patients
Opportunistic fungal infection in AIDS patients
191
Presence of _______ is diagnostic of AIDS
PCP
192
Treatment of PCP
Antiprotozoan drugs
193
Aspergillosis most common causes
Allergies
194
Aspergillosis is caused by
Fungi in genus aspergillus
195
Transmission of aspergillosis
Inhalation of fungal spores
196
Aspergillosis is a ____ disease because of
Emerging disease; found in marijuana, on the rise because of use of medical marijuana
