Exam 2 Cont. Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Benign epithelial growths on skin or mucus membranes
A
Warts
2
Q
MC warts
A
Fingers and toes (seed warts)
3
Q
Plantar warts are found
A
On soles of the feet
4
Q
Flat warts
A
Warts located on trunk, face, elbow, and knees
5
Q
Human Paillomavirus (HPV)
A
Causes warts
6
Q
Warts are transmittted via
A
Direct contact and fomites.
7
Q
Autoinoculation with warts
A
warts can spread from one location to another on the person
8
Q
Exanthems
A
Rash
9
Q
5 classical childhood exanthems
A
- Rubeola (measles)
- Scarlet fever
- Rubella (German measles)
- Erythema infectiosum
- Roseola
10
Q
Measles AKA
A
Rubeola
11
Q
Koplik’s spots
A
White spots that appear in the mouth of those infected with measles
12
Q
Complications of measles
A
Pneumonia, encephalitis, subacute sclerosis’s panencephalitis (SSPE)
13
Q
Measles virus
A
Pathogen causing measles
14
Q
Measles is ______ contagious
A
Highly
Infectious for 4 days pre-rash and 4 days after rash appears
15
Q
Spread of measles
A
Respiratory droplets
-humans are the only host
16
Q
Vaccine for measles
A
MMR
17
Q
Rubella AKA
A
German Measles or 3-day measles
18
Q
Characteristics of German measles
A
Rash of flat, pink to red spots
19
Q
Rubella infection in children is
A
Not serious
20
Q
Adult Rubella infection
A
More dangerous than children. Develop arthritis or encephalitis
Extra dangerous in pregnant women
21
Q
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
A
Infection of pregnant women can cause birth defects or death of the fetus by crossing the placenta.
Mom will be fine, baby is not
22
Q
Rubella virus
A
Rubella pathogen
23
Q
Spread of German Measles
A
Respiratory secretions
24
Q
MMR vaccine
A
Mumps, Measles, Rubella
25
Rubella vaccine
Aimed at preventing rubella infections in women
26
Congenital Rubella syndrome can cause
Cloudy corneas or white appearance to pupil, deafness, developmental delay, low birth weight, intellectual disability, seizures, and microcephaly in children
27
Spontaneous abortion occurs in ____% of cases with CRS
20%
28
Erythema infectiosum AKA
Fifth disease
29
Common symptom of fifth disease
Slapped cheek syndrome
30
Erythema infectil sum is a ______ disease that manifests as a rash
Respiratory
31
sunlight aggravates this condition
Fifth disease
32
Parvovirus B19
Pathogen causing erythema infectiosum/ fifth disease
33
Spread of erythema infectiosum
Respiratory droplets
Once rash is present the person is no longer infectious
34
Symptoms of roseola
Abrupt fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, pink rash on face, neck, trunk, and thighs
35
Roseola can cause _________ like symptoms
Mononucleosis
36
Diseases that may be linked to roseola
AIDS and multiple sclerosis
37
Human Herpesvirus-6
Pathogen causing roseola
38
Spread of roseola
Person to person by transfer of oral secretions
39
Mycoses are caused by
Fungi
40
2 Characteristics of Mycoses
Opportunistic
| Not contagious
41
Piedra
Irregular nodes on hair shaft. White and black forms
42
Black piedra forms
Hard, black nodules
43
White piedra forms
Soft, gray to white nodules
44
Piedraia hortae
Black piedra
45
Tricosporon beigelii
White piedra
46
Spread of piedra
Person to person contact or environmental exposure (shared hair brushes and combs)
47
Treatment of piedra
Shaving infected hair
48
Pityriasis versicolor AKA
Tinea versicolor
49
Pityriasis versicolor
Hypo or hyperpigmented patches of skin on trunk, shoulders, and arms
50
Malassezia furfur causes
Pityriasis versicolor
51
Spread of pityriasis versicolor
Person to person contact or environmental exposure
| Tanning beds
52
Diagnosed by a green color under UV light
Pityriasis versicolor
53
Cutaneous mycoses
Cutaneous infections caused by dermatophytes
54
Cutaneous mycoses AKA
Ringworm... but there are NO worms involved. It’s a fungus
55
Transmission of cutaneous mycoses
Between people via fomites
56
Dermatophytoses are ______ and aggravated by ________
Often itchy; aggravated by heat and moisture
57
Diagnosing dermatophytoses
KOH preparation of skin or nail sample
58
Tinea pedis
Athlete’s foot
59
Tinea curis
Jock itch
60
Tinea unguium
Finger and toe nails
61
Tinea corporals
Body
62
Tinea capitis
Head
63
Tinea unguium AKA
Onychomycosis
64
Genus names associated with dermatophytoses
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
Microsporum
65
Wound mycoses
Sporotrichosis
66
Sporotrichosis AKA
Rose-gardener’s disease
67
Cutaneous sporotrichosis
Nodular lesions around the infection site
68
Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis
Secondary lesions occurring on the skin along the course of lymphatic vessels
69
Sporothrix schenckii causes
Sporotrichosis
70
Sporotrichosis is introduced by
Thorn pricks or wood splinters (soil is the reservoir)
71
People who _________ are at the highest risk for sporotrichosis infections
Work with plant material
72
Leishmaniasis can appear in 3 places
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
Visceral
73
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Produces large painless skin lesions
74
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Skin lesions enlarge to encompass mucous membranes
75
Visceral leishmaniasis
Parasite is spread by macrophages throughout the body
76
Leishmania is the causative agent of
Leishmaniasis
77
Leishmaniasis endemic
Parts of the tropics and subtropics
78
Reservoir and vector for leishmaniasis
Dogs are the reservoir, transmitted to humans by sand flies (vector)
79
Leishmaniasis AKA
Kala azar
80
Scabies signs and symptoms
Intense itching and a rash of small, red, LINEAR bumps at infection site
May see burrows or tunnels
81
Pathogen of scabies
The mite or Sarcoptes scabiei
82
Transmission of scabies
Prolonged bodily contact, epidemics occur in crowded conditions
83
Treatment of scabies
Mite-killing lotions and cleaning of contaminated items. Antihistamines are used to help with itching
Often treat family members and sexual contacts
84
CNS is an _____ environment
Axenic
85
Pathogens may enter the CNS by:
1. Breaks in bones and meninges
2. Medical procedures
3. Travel from PNS
4. Infect and kill cells of meninges, causing meningitis
86
Bacteria can cause nervous system diseases in 2 ways
1. Infect cells of the nervous system
| 2. Bacteria growing somewhere else releases toxins that affect neurons
87
Infected cells of the nervous system cause
Meningitis and leprosy
88
Bacteria growing elsewhere that released toxins to the neurons
Botulism and tetanus
89
Signs and symptoms of bacterial meningitis
Severe headache and neck stiffness along with fever, confusion, altered consciousness, vomiting, photophobia or phonophobia
Severe meningeal inflammation
Encephalitis
90
Encephalitis with bacterial meningitis
Can cause behavioral changes, coma, and death
91
Bacterial meningitis develops
RAPIDLY
92
5 bacteria’s that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis cases
1. Neisseria meningitidis
2. Streptococcus pneumoniae
3. Haemophilus influenzae b
4. Listeria monocytogenes
5. Streptococcus agalactiae
93
Streptococcus agalactiae
Acquired during birth and can cause meningitis is babies less than 3 months old
94
Streptococcus agalactiae is present in ______% of women
50% regularly; causes no problems in the adult
95
Haemophilus influenzae b
Transmitted via respiratory droplets
Meningitis in children <5 (MC under 18 months)
96
Streptococcus pneeumoniae
Present in throat of 75% of humans
Transmitted via respiratory droplets or opportunistic
MC cause of meningitis in adults
97
Listeria monocytogenes
Transmitted via contaminated food
MC in elderly, babies, and pregnant women
98
Neisseria meingitidis AKA
Meningococcal meningitis
99
Neisseria meningitidis unique symptom
Purple spotted rash
Along with other meningitis symptoms
100
Transmission of neisseria meningitidis
Via respiratory droplets
101
Neisseria meningitidis MC in
College students in dorms (23X more likely)
Families, soldiers in barracks, prisoners
102
Diagnosis of meningitis
Symptoms and culturing bacteria from CSF (spinal tap)
103
Vaccines for bacterial meningitis
S. Pneumoniae (PCV)
H. Influenzae b (Hib)
N. Meingitidis (MCV)
104
Leprosy AKA
Hansen’s disease
105
Signs and symptoms of leprosy
Skin sores, nerve damage, and muscle weakness
106
A strong immune system will develop _____ leprosy
Tuberculoid
107
Tuberculoid leprosy
Nonprogressive
Regions of lost sensation of skin
108
Weaker immune system develops ________ leprosy
Lepromatous
109
Lepromatous leprosy
Multiplies in skin and nerve cells.
Progressive, gradual loss of facial features, digits, and other body structures
Development is very slow and may take years
110
Death from leprosy is
Rare
111
Mycobacterium leprae
Causes leprosy
112
Regions of body where mycobacterium leprae thrives
Cooler regions
Peripheral nerve endings and skin cells of fingers, toes, lips, and earlobes
113
Reservoir for mycobacterium leprae
Armadillos
114
Transmission of leprosy
Person to person contact or breaks in the skin
115
Mycobacterium is
Acid fast
116
Treatment of leprosy
Multiple antibiotics; lifelong treatment is sometimes needed
BCG vaccination provides some protection
117
Mycobacterium infections are
Very hard to treat; require multiple antibiotics
118
Botulism is an
Intoxication
119
Intoxication
Poisoning by ingested toxin
120
3 forms for botulism
Foodborne
Infant
Wound
121
Botulism is ______ potent
Extremely
Small taste of contaminated food can cause death
122
Type of paralysis caused by botulism
Flaccid paralysis
123
Pathogen of botulism
Clostridium botulinum
124
Clostridium botulinum produces
7 neurotoxins that bind irreversible to neuromuscular junctions
125
Foodborne botulism appears 1-2 days after
Consuming toxin in home-canned foods or preserved fish
126
Patients die from ______ with botulism
Asphyxiation
127
Recovering from botulism
Very slow as nerve cells grow new endings over the course of months or years
128
Cause of infant botulism
Ingestion of endospores that germinate and colonize the GI tract
129
Endospores are common in
Honey
130
Food that should not be given to children less than a year old
Honey and corn syrup
131
Signs and symptoms of infant botulism
Floppy baby syndrome
Crying, constipation, failure to thrive
132
Cause of wound botulism
Contamination of a wound by endospores
133
Difference between wound and foodborne botulism
Wound has no GI system involvement, no signs of botulism until flaccid paralysis shows up
134
Treatment of botulism
Repeated washing of the intestinal tract to remove clostridium
Administration of antitoxin
Antimicrobial drugs in infant botulism
135
Prevention of botulism
Proper food canning
Don’t give babies honey or corn syrup
136
Tetanus AKA
Lock jaw
137
Pathogen of tetanus
Clostridium tetani
138
Clostridium tetani neurotoxin
Tetanospasmin
139
Risus sardonicus
Smiling spasm
140
Signs and symptoms of tetanus
Tightening of neck and jaw muscles (lock jaw) and then smiling spasm (risus sardonicus)
Severe, unrelenting spasm (spastic paralysis)
141
Death caused by tetanus
Asphyxiation, cannot exhale
142
Spread of tetanus
Through a break in skin or mucous membrane
143
clostridium tetani is most commonly grown in
Soil
Grows in environments where rust does grow, not caused by rust
144
Neonatal tetanus mortality
>90%
145
Neonatal tetanus infection via
Infected umbilical stump
146
Treatment of tetanus
Clean wound (remove endospores)
Antitoxin
Tetanus toxoid
Antibiotics
147
Highest mortality rate in tetanus occur in
Unvaccinated people and people over 60
