Exam 3: Cardiovascular/ Systemic Diseases Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Septicemia
A
Presence of microbial infection of the blood that causes illness
2
Q
Bacteremia
A
Bacteria invasion of the bloodstream
3
Q
Toxemia
A
Bacteria remain fixed at the site of infection but release toxins into the blood
4
Q
Viremia
A
Invasion of the bloodstream by viruses
5
Q
Lymphangitis
A
Infection and inflammation of lymphatic vessels
6
Q
Septic shock can develop rapidly in
A
Septicemia, Bacteremia, Toxemia and viremia
7
Q
Toxemia symptoms vary depending on ____
A
Toxin
8
Q
Petechiae
A
Capillary hemorrhages found in septicemia, bacteremia, toxemia and viremia
9
Q
Osteomyelitis can be caused by
A
Septicemia
10
Q
Exotoxins
A
Released from living microbes
11
Q
Endotoxins
A
Released fro Gram (-) bacteria
12
Q
Pathogens
A
Septicemia: various organisms
Bactermeia/toxemia: bacteria exclusively
Viremia: viruses exclusively
13
Q
Gram _______ bacteria can produce severe ________ because of release of ______
A
Negative; septicemia; endotoxins that destroys the cell wall
14
Q
Septicemia, bacteremia, toxemia, viremia are
A
Opportunistic of nosocomial infections and are usually only found in immunocompromised patients
15
Q
special Endocarditis symptom
A
New or changed heart murmur
16
Q
Viridans streptococci causes _______ of cases of endocarditis
A
1/2
17
Q
Viridans stereptococci group made up of
A
Streptococcus sanguis** MC
S. Sanguis
S. Anginosus
S. Boris
18
Q
Endocarditis is more likely to occur in someone with
A
Abnormal heart
19
Q
Treatment of endocarditis
A
- Prophylactic antibiotics if the patient is high-risk
- IV antibiotics
20
Q
Streptococcus mutans is found in
A
Dental plaque, forms cavities
21
Q
Example of prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk patients
A
Antibiotics before dental surgery (s. Mutans)
22
Q
vegetation’s
A
Bacterial growth on heart valves found in endocarditis
23
Q
Signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever/ heart disease
A
- Joint inflammation
- Small nodules
- hard, round bumps under skin
- fever
- fatigue
24
Q
Pathogen causing rheumatic fever
A
Streptococcus pyogenes
25
Heart valves become inflamed ________ weeks after infection with S. Pyogenes
1-5 weeks
Strep throat or scarlet fever
26
Ages at risk of heart disease
Kids ages 5-15
| Not common in US
27
Treatment of heart disease
Surgical valve repair or replacement if severe damage
Prevent itch prompt antibiotics if child develops strep throat
28
Brucellosis AKA
Undulant Fever
29
Pathogen causing undulant fever
Brucella melitensis
30
Brucella melitensis
found in sheep and goats
Gram (-) bacteria, endotoxins causes some signs and symptoms
31
Brucellosis symptoms
Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon, chills, sweating, headache,
32
Brucellosis can often be
Asymptomatic or mild
33
Spread of brucellosis
- consumption of contaminated dairy products
| - Contact with infected animal blood, urine, or placentas
34
Tularemia AKA
Rabbit fever
35
Tularemia causes ___ and ____ at infection site
Skin lesions and swollen lymph nodes at the infection site
Ascending lymphangitis
36
Tularemia is a
Category A bio-terrorist threat because it is easily spread and highly infective
37
Pathogen causing rabbit fever
Fracisella tularensis
-Rabbits are the reservoir
38
Tularemia is possibly
Lethal
39
Transmission of tularemia
Via a bite of infected tick or tact with infected animal
| - people in contact with dead animals are at the highest risk
40
Prevention of tularemia
Wear rubber gloves when handling or skinning wild animals (rabbits or rodents)
41
Bubonic Plague signs and symptoms
Buboes and high fever
42
Buboes
Swollen, painful lymph nodes caused by bubonic plague. Can be as large as a grape fruit. Show up in armpits, groin, neck
43
Black Death
Skin becomes necrotic and darkens
44
If untreated, bubonic plague is _______ fatal and if it is treated it is ____fatal
Untreated: 50%
| Treated 5-15%
45
Pneumonic plague is 100% fatal if
Not treated within the first 24 hours
46
Pathogen of plagues
Yersinia pestis
47
Pneumonic plague starts as
Bubonic plague, then travels to lungs and causes pneumonic plague
48
Bubonic plague is spread
Via flea bite (vector) or by contact with infected rodent (rats) or flea feces
49
Pneumonic plague is spread
Person to person via aerosols and sputum
50
Plague is extremely _____ and considered a ______
Extremely virulent; Category A Bioterrorist threat
51
Plague must be diagnosed and treated ______ if there is a chance for survival
Immediately
52
Lyme disease signature symptom
Red “bull’s-eye” rash (in 75% of patients)
53
Reservoir for bubonic plague
Rodents
54
10% of patients develop _____ and _____ with Lyme Disease
Neurological symptoms and cardiac dysfunction
| Including Bell’s palsy
55
Pathogen causing Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
56
One of the most reported vector-borne diseases in the U.S.
Lyme disease
57
Lyme disease is transmitted by a
Tick bite
58
Lyme disease is a _____ infection
Bacterial
59
Erythema Mirgrans
Other name for red “bulls-eye” rash caused by Lyme disease
60
Lyme Disease is often ______ without “bulls-eye rash”
Undiagnosed/misdiagnosed
-bacterium is rarely detected in the blood
61
If untreated Lyme Disease can turn into
Meningitis, encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy and cause severe arthritis that can last years
62
Borrelia burgdorferi is a
Spirochete shaped bacteria
63
Borrelia burgdorferi AKA
Lyme Borreliosis
64
Reservoir for Lyme disease
Deers
65
2 reasons there is an increase in Lyme disease
1. Movement of human populations into woodland areas
| 2. Deer populations being protected/ encouraged to feed in suburban yards
66
Treatment of Lyme disease
- Antibiotics in early stages
- Treatment in later phases is difficult
Prevention: repellent containing DEET and protective clothing
67
Relapsing fever is characterized by
Recurring episodes of septicemia and fever
68
Pathogen causing Louse-borne Replapsing Fever
Spirochete borrelia recurrentis
69
Pathogen causing endemic Relapsing Fever
Several borrelia spp
70
Differences in relapsing fever and brucellosis
Relapsing fever- fever lasts week, goes away, comes back
Brucellosis- fever comes back at the same time every day (every afternoon)
71
Louse-borne relapsing fever is transmitted to humans by
Human body louse (lice)
72
Endemic relapsing fever is spread to humans by
Soft ticks
73
Diagnosis of relapsing fever
Observing spirochetes and then treated with antibiotics
74
Infectious mononucleosis causes
Severe sore throat and then fever first. Then swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and enlargement of the spleen (50%)
75
Infectious Mononucleosis is a ___ disease
Viral
76
Pathogen causing mono
HHV-4 AKA Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
77
Infectious mononucleosis AKA
Kissing disease
-transmitted via saliva
78
EBV establishes a _________ in the host that has mono
Latent infection
79
Splenic enlargement is found in _____ of patients with mono
50%
80
Mono is diagnosed by a percents of large ______ and _______
Lobed B-lymphocytes and neutropenia
81
Cytomegalovirus is a___disease
Viral systemic
82
Most cases of CMV are
Asymptomatic
83
CMV is symptomatic in
Fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients
Cause birth defects, mono-like symptoms, and eye infections
84
Pathogen causing cytomegalovirus
HHV-5 AKA cytomegalovirus (CMV)
85
Latent EBV can increase risk of
Autoimmune diseases
| SLE, RA, Sjögren’s syndrome, MS
86
EBV is associated with
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s Lymphoma, chronic fatigue syndrome
87
CMV is one of the _______ infections in humans
Most common
88
Transmission of CMV
Bodily secretions
- often via sexual intercourse
- in utero exposure and vaginal birth
89
Prevention of CMV
Abstinence, mutual monogamy, and safe sex can reduce risk of transmission
90
Treatment of CMV eye infections
Fomiveersen
91
Eye infections caused by CMV are a leading cause of blindness in
AIDS patients
92
Stages of yellow fever
1. fever, headache, muscle aches
2. remission
3. jaundice, delirium, seizures, hemorrhaging (blood in vomit)
93
characteristic signs of yellow fever
jaundice and black vomit (blood in vomit)
94
Yellow Fever virus is a
arbovirus
95
Yellow fever is transmitted via________ and cases only occur in _____ and ______ today
transmitted via mosquito; only found in South America and Africa today
96
Yellow fever is diagnosed by
history of travel to endemic regions
97
dengue fever AKA
break-bone fever
98
dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has
internal bleeding, shock, and possible death
99
dengue fever has __phases
2.
1. fever, edema, head and muscle pain
2. return of fever and red rash
100
pathogens causing dengue fever and DHF
dengue viruses 1,2,3, and 4
101
vector of DF and DHF
aedes mosquitos
102
DF is usually
asymptomatic or mild (80% of the time)
103
DHF is more severe and can be
fatal (<5% of all Dengue cases)
104
dengue fever treatment
none available
105
ebola hemorrhagic fever causes
minor petechiae that progresses to severe internal hemorrhaging, to uncontrolled bleeding under skin and from every body opening
106
ebola hemorrhagic fever is caused by
ebolavirus
107
ebolavirus is a
Cat A bioterrorrist threat and BSL-4
108
ebola hemorrhagic fever occurs in ______ and the natural reservoir is ______ and is spread by ______
Occurs in Africa, the natural reservoir and mode of transmission is unknown, spread person to person by contaminated body fluids and syringes
109
treatment of ebola hemorrhagic fever
fluid and electrolyte replacement
| 90% of human victims die
110
The severe form of malaria is called
blackwater fever
111
blackwater fever causes
dark urine, renal failure, erythrocyte lysis and can be fatal within 24 hours
112
malaria is caused by
4 plasmodium species, severity of the illness depends on which pathogen is causing it
113
plasmodium ovale
mild malaria
114
plasmodium vivax
chronic malaria, Most common pathogen
115
plasmodium malariae
more serious form of malaria
116
plasmodium falciparum
most severe malaria
117
malaria vector and endemic location
vector: mosquito
| endemic in the tropics and subtropics
118
a child dies __________ from malaria
every minute
119
the majority of toxoplasmosis cases
have no symptoms
120
toxoplasmosis is more severe in 2 populations
1. AIDS patients
| 2. Fetuses (most danger during 1st trimester)
121
pathogen causing toxoplasmosis
toxoplasma gondii
| cats are the most definitive host
122
spread of toxoplasmosis
1. consuming undercooked, contaminated meat
2. ingestion or inhalation of feces contaminated soil (pregnant women shouldn't clean kitty litter boxes)
3. across the placenta
123
treatment of toxoplasmosis
only needed in AIDS patients, pregnant women, and newborns
124
Chagas' disease has 4 stages
Acute stage: chagomas
generalized stage: fever, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen
chronic stage: asymptomatic
symptomatic stage: CHF after formation of pseudocytes
125
chagomas
swelling at the sites of Chagas bites
126
pseudocytes
cyst like clusters in heart muscle tissue found in Chagas' diseases
127
pathogen causing Chagas
Trypanosoma cruzi
128
transmission of Chagas' disease
bite of true bugs or transfusion with infected blood
129
True bugs AKA
kissing bugs
130
treatment of Chagas' Disease
early stages can be treated with medication
| late stages are untreatable
131
lymphatic filariasis remains
asymptomatic for years (up to 17 years)
132
elephantiasis can result from
chronic lymphatic damage
133
pathogen causing lymphatic filariasis
wuchereria bancrofti (a roundworm)
134
lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by _____ and endemic in ________
mosquitos; endemic in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central, South America and Pacific island nations
135
schistosomiasis AKA
Bilharzia or snail fever
136
schistosomiasis signs and symptoms
swimmer's rich at infection site
| cirrhosis of lungs and liver
137
schistomiasis pathogens
3 species of blood flukes from genus schistosoma
138
s. mansoni
Caribbean, Venezuela, Brazil, Arabia, Africa
139
s. haemotobium
Africa and India
140
s. japonicum
China, Taiwan, Phillipines, and Japan
141
spread of schistosomiasis
contact with contaminated water
142
After the parasite enters the body it
burrows into the skin, migrates to lungs and liver, matures into adult form and migrates to preferred body part
143
schistosomiasis is
potentially fatal and a major public health problem
144
schistosomiasis is considered a ________ and is found ____-
emerging disease; usually found in Africa, not in the U.S.
