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Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abscesses

A

Pus-filled pockets in the skin resulting from bacterial infection

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2
Q

Location of abscesses

A

Skin surface and deeper structures of the skin

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3
Q

Furuncle

A

Large, painful, raised nodular extension of folliculitis

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4
Q

Several furuncles that extend deep into tissues and involve multiple organs/systems

A

Carbuncle

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5
Q

Skin abscess involving the hair follicle

A

Folliculitis

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6
Q

Folliculitis at the eyelid base

A

Sty

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7
Q

Characteristics of abscesses

A

Swollen, red, itching, burning,

May drain pus, blood or both

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8
Q

Most common pathogen found on the skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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9
Q

Most common pathogen to cause infection

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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10
Q

Epidemiology of abscesses

A
  1. Direct contact/ fomites
  2. Often auto-inoculation and/or opportunistic
  3. Toxins contribute to virulence
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11
Q

Drug resistant strains

A

MRSA and VRSA

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12
Q

Emerging Diseases

A

A new disease that not much is known about but it is worrisome

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13
Q

Diagnosis of drug resistant strains

A

Isolation of bacteria in grapelike clusters from pus

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14
Q

Prevention of drug resistant strains

A

Hand washing and proper procedures in hospitals to minimize MRSA/ VRSA

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15
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Cause of hot tub folliculitis

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16
Q

Hot tub folliculitis

A

Appears as small “pimples” on stomach, buttocks, arms, and legs betweeen 6 hours and 5 days after using a poorly chlorinated hot tub

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17
Q

Treatment of hot tub folliculitis

A

Goes away on its own in 7-10 days

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18
Q

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

A

Redding of skin begins near mouth, spreads over entire body. Large blisters containing fluid form. After 2 days skin begins to peel off in sheets

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19
Q

Exfoliative toxins

A

Excreted by 5% of staphylococcus aureus

Causes skin to fall off

Causes SSSS

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20
Q

SSSS common in

A

Infants and children less than 5

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21
Q

Transition of SSSS

A

Person to person spread of bacteria

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22
Q

Diagnosis of SSSS

A

Sloughing of skin

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23
Q

Treatment of SSSS

A

Antibiotics, usually hospitalized and put in the burn unit

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24
Q

Prevention of SSSS

A

Difficult because staphylococcus aureus is widespread

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25
Impetigo AKA
Pyoderma
26
Impetigo
Small, flattened red patches on face and limbs. Patches turn into pus-filled vesicles that break and secrete honey-colored, sticky crust
27
those at risk of impetigo
Children
28
Erysipelas
Fiery red rash with raised borders on face, arms, or legs
29
Skin presenting red, hot, with sharply defined raised areas
Erysipelas
30
Pathogen of impetigo
S. Aureus - 80% | Streptococcus pyogenes- 20%
31
Streptococcus pyogenes
Causes 20% of impetigo and most cases of erysipelas Most dangerous streptococcus
32
Transmission of impetigo and erysipelas
Person to person or fomites Bacteria invades compromised skin
33
Ages effected by impetigo
Children 2-5 years old
34
Erysipelas common in
Infants, young children, elderly patients MC in ages 60-80
35
Diagnosis of impetigo
Presence of vesicles filled with bacteria and WBCs
36
Erysipelas appears on _______ most commmonly in adults
Legs
37
“Flesh-eating bacteria”
Necrotizing fasciitis
38
Streptococci secrete _____ and _____ that destroys tissues
Enzymes and toxins
39
Spread of necrotizing fasciitis
Begin as painful large, purple-red blisters. Destroys muscle and fat tissue and spreads along fascia
40
Most common cause of necrotizing fasciitis
Streptococcus pyogenes
41
Causes toxemia and failure of organs
Necrotizing fasciitis
42
Fatality rate of necrotizing fasciitis
>50%
43
Treatment of necrotizing fasciitis
IV antibiotics, surgery, and often amputation
44
Dead and dying bacteria and sebum block the pore
Blackhead
45
Accumulation of colonizing bacteria and sebum
Whitehead
46
Cystic acne
Severe inflammation of the hair follicle causing pustule formation and rupture. Often resolved by scar tissue
47
Propionibacterium acnes
Pathogen of acne Causes 85% of acne in adolescent and young adults
48
Treatment of acne
Often requires not treatment Antimicrobial drugs can help control (long-term tetracycline)
49
Disease spread by scratch or bite from an infected cat
Cat scratch disease
50
Signs/ symptoms of cat scratch disease
1. Bump or blister at site of injury 2. Lymph node selling near site of injury 3. Fatigue, fever, headache,malaise
51
Bartonella henselae
Cat scratch disease pathogen
52
Virulence factor of cat scratch disease
Endotoxins
53
Pseudomonas infection
- Fever and chills - purulent matter in wounds - pyocyanin causes tissue damage
54
Pyocyanin
Blue-green pigment in wounds
55
Opportunistic infection in 2/3 of all burn victims
Pseudomonas infection
56
Pathogen of pseudomonas infection
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
57
Pseudomonas aeruginosa found in
Soil, decaying matter, moist environments Survives in hot environments
58
Bacteria that kills cells, destroys tissue triggers shock
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
59
Non-itchy spotted rash on truck and appendages on soles and palms and fever, headache, chills, nausea
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
60
Severe Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Respiratory, CNS, GI, and renal system failure and can be fatal
61
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
62
Reservoir of rickettsia rickettsii
Rodents
63
Transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Via tick (vector) bite to humans
64
Most common time Rocky Mountain spotted fever is reported
Summer months (June and July)
65
Unique rash on soles of feet and palms of hands
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
66
Diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Early diagnosis important. 5% of patients die even it treatment
67
A painless raised nodule that changes into a painless, swollen, black, crusty ulcer
Cutaneous anthrax
68
Eschar
Painless, swollen, black, crusty ulcer formed with cutaneous anthrax
69
Toxemia in cutaneous anthrax caused by
Anthrax being released into blood
70
Pathogen of cutaneous anthrax
Bacillus anthracis | Can form endospore
71
Spread of cutaneous anthrax
Direct contact with anthrax spores -from infected animals or animal products including hair, wool, or hides
72
Intense pain, necrosis of infected skin and muscle, foul-smelling, gaseous, bacterial waste products
Gas gangrene
73
Gas gangrene can cause what within 1 week?
Shock, kidney failure, and death
74
Pathogen causing gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
75
Clostridium perfringens secretes 11 toxins that can cause __________ to the body
Irreversible damage
76
Where clostridium perfringens grows
GI tract of animals and humans
77
How is clostridium introduced to the body
A traumatic event that allows endospores to enter dead tissue
78
Treatment of gas gangrene
Rapid treatment Surgically removing dead tissue Administration of antitoxin and penicillin
79
Most animal pox viruses are _____ specific
Species -unable to infect humans because it can’t attach to human cells
80
Pox viruses that cause human diseases
Smallpox, Orf, Cowpox, Monkeypox, Molluscum contagiosum
81
Signs and symptoms of pox viruses
Characteristic pox lesions that progress through series of stages
82
Progressive Pox Lesions
Found on face and body, most contagious at one set of rash. Usually makes the person very sick and unable to move around (spread the disease) Contagious until last smallpox scab falls off
83
Cause of blindness with smallpox
Blisters formed near the eyes
84
Pathogen of smallpox
Smallpox virus AKA variola virus
85
Infection of smallpox by
Inhalation of virus High virulence
86
Treatment of smallpox
Immediate vaccination
87
Monkeypox sign that is different than smallpox
Lymphadenopathy
88
Pathogen of Monkeypox
Monkeypox virus
89
Reservoir of Monkeypox
Monkeys or rodents (prairie dogs)
90
Spread of Monkeypox
Primarily inhalation Also direct contact (bodily fluids and lesions)
91
Pearl-like, waxy papules are a sign of
Molluscum Contagiosum Usually white, pink, or flesh-colored
92
Distribution of Molluscum contagiosum on body
Face trunk, and external genitalia
93
Spread of molluscum contagiosum
Direct contact and fomites
94
Most common people infected with molluscum contagiosum
Children aged 1-10 years old Sexually active adults (not exclusively an STD), immunocompromised
95
Treatment of molluscum contagiosum
People with normal immunity heal without treatment (about 9 months)
96
Recurrent, painful, slo-spreading blisters or skin lesions
Herpes
97
Herpes labialis
Oral herpes
98
Hermetic whitlow
Herpes of the finger
99
Herpes gladiatorum
Herpes on other place on body, spread from someone’s oral herpes
100
Number of patients that experience recurring herpes
2/3 of all patients
101
Ganglia where herpes are when latent
Trigeminal, brachial, and sacral ganglia
102
Deactivation triggers for herpes
Immune suppression: Stress, fever, illness, trauma, sunlight, menstruation, or disease
103
Pathogens of herpes
Human herpesviruses 1 and 2 or Human Simplex virus 1 and 2
104
HHV-1
Above the waist herpes
105
HHV-2
below the waist herpes
106
Spread of herpes
Direct contact with lesions
107
Antiviral medications
Can help control the disease and keep it from recurring but does not cure it
108
Rash that turns into itchy, fluid-filled blisters that then turns into scabs
Chickenpox (varicella)
109
Painful rash on one side of the face or body
Shingles (herpes zoster)
110
Shingles location
Localized to skin along an infected nerve (dermatomal distribution)
111
Pathogen of varicella and herpes zoster
Human herpesvirus 3 (Varicella-zoster virus)
112
Chickenpox/ shingles virus is latent in
Dorsal nerve root ganglia
113
Percent of people who have had chickenpox and get shingles
15%
114
Age of people who have shingles most commonly
Less than 50, risk increases with age
115
Diagnosis of chickenpox and shingles
Characteristic lesions. Treatment is based on relief of symptoms
116
Spread of chickenpox/ shingles
Direct contact and inhalation

Microbiology (11 decks)

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