Exam 2: Finished Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Viruses readily cross the
A
BBB
2
Q
Occur more frequently than bacterial and fungal infections
A
Viral infections
3
Q
Viral meningitis is _____ than bacterial meningitis
A
More mild
4
Q
No bacteria is found in the CSF in viral meningitis
A
Aseptic meningitis
5
Q
Enterovirus causes ______% of viral meningitis
A
90%
6
Q
Common enteroviruses
A
Poliovirus, echoviruses, coxackieviruses
7
Q
Other pathogens causing viral meningitis
A
Mumps, measles, influenza viruses, HHV 1,2,3 and 4
8
Q
Most common cause of meningitis
A
Viral meningitis (crosses BBB)
9
Q
Spread of viral meningitis
A
Respiratory droplets and feces
10
Q
Diagnose bacterial VS viral meningitis
A
Absence of bacteria in CSF
11
Q
Most recover from viral meningitis on their own within
A
2 weeks
12
Q
Poliomyelitis is _______ in 90% of cases
A
Asymptomatic
13
Q
3 types of poliomyelitis
A
- Minor polio:
- Nonparalytic polio
- Paralytic polio
14
Q
Minor polio
A
Nonspecific symptoms; flu like
15
Q
Nonparalytic polio
A
Produces paralysis in 1% of cases
Results in bulbar poliomyelitis
16
Q
Bulbar poliomyelitis
A
Infects brain stem and medulla, results in paralysis of muscles in the limbs or respiratory muscles
17
Q
Postpolio syndrome
A
Deterioration in function of polio-affected muscles
18
Q
Poliovirus causes
A
Poliomyelitis
19
Q
Transmission of polio
A
Drinking contaminated water or fecal-oral route
20
Q
2 vaccines that have nearly eliminated polio
A
Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
Oral (live) Polio vaccine (OPV)
21
Q
Jonas Salk
A
Developed IPV vaccine
22
Q
OPV
A
Developed by Albert Sabin
DON’T GIVE IN US (since 2000)
23
Q
Polio remains endemic in
A
Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan
24
Q
Treatment for Polio
A
No cure
Treat symptoms
- antibiotics- prevent infections from weakened muscles
- analgesics
- exercise
- diet
- Long-term rehabilitation
25
Rabies causes death by
Respiratory paralysis
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Rabies-specific neurological manifestations
Hydrophobia, seizures, disorientation, hallucinations, paralysis
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Pathogen causing rabies
Rabies virus
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#1 source for rabies in the US
BATS
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Rabies is a ____ disease of____
Zoonotic; mammals
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Transmission of rabies
Via a bite; can be introduced through break in the skin or inhalation
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Once there are neurological symptoms of rabies
It’s too late to intervene
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Treatment of rabies
Pre- neurological symptoms its treated with an injection of human rabies immune globulin.
Vaccine with human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)
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____ is critical with rabies
Timing
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2 times you’re treated with a vaccine post exposure
1. Tetanus
| 2. Rabies
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Histological finding with rabies
Negri bodies
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Mosquito-borne arboviruses can cause
Arboviral encephalitis
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Arboviral encephaltiis ____affects humans
Rarely (a zoonotic disease)
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Arboviruses cause
Mild, cold like symptoms
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Arboviruses can cause encephalitis if
It crosses the BBB
40
Vector and reservoir for Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Western EE, Venezuelan EE
Mosquito- vector
| Horse- reservoir
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found east of Mississippi River it’s a 30-35% fatality rate
EEE
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WEE
Found west of Mississippi River, low fatality
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St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
Mild illness with fever and headache
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Percent of asymptomatic West Nile viruses
80%
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West Nile encephalitis virus causes _____epidemic in North America
Seasonal epidemic (summer into fall)
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Prevention of West Nile virus
Avoid handling dead birds (virus lives in crows and other wild birds)
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California (LaCrosse) encephalitis causes _____ symptoms
Mild
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Encephalitis viruses with a mosquito vector
```
EEE
WEE
VEE
St. Louis
West Nile
California (LaCrosse)
```
49
Spread of tick-borne encephalitis virus
Drinking unpasteurized milk that has the virus
50
Symptoms of tick-borne encephalitis virus
Sore muscles and fever after 1-2 weeks of exposure
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Vector and reservoir of tick-borne encephalitis virus
Vector: ticks
Reservoir: rodents
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Prevention of arboviral encephalitis viruses
- Limiting contact with mosquitos and ticks
- netting and insect repellents
- eliminate stagnant water
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Most common arboviral encephalitis around Davenport
West Nile and EEE and WEE
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Zika virus is an
Arbovirus
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Signs and symptoms of Zika Virus
Most people are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms that could last for several days to a week
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If Zika virus crosses the placenta it can cause
Microcephaly/ brain defects, miscarriage, and stillbirth
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Spread of Zika virus
Mosquito vector
| -can be sexually transmitted
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Zika is an ____ disease
Emerging
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Diagnosis of Zika
Based on history of travel and a blood or urine test
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The biggest risk for pregnant women and Zika is
During the first trimester
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Mushroom toxins can produce ______ and ________
Hallucinations and neurological problems
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Fungal meningitis spread
From lungs to the CNS via blood
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Pathogen for cyptococcal meningitis
Cryptococcus neoformans
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Severity of meningitis
1. Bacterial
2. Fungal
3. Viral
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Most common meningitis
1. Viral
2. Bacterial
3. Fungal (Cryptococcal)
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Infection of cryptococcal meningitis
Inhalation
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Cryptococcal meningitis occurs in
Terminal AIDS patients and transplant recipients
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Fungal meningitis shows ____ in CSF
Fungal antigen
Treated with IV antifungal drugs
69
African sleeping sickness AKA
Trypanosomiasis
70
3 stages of African sleeping sickness
1. Site of fly bite becomes a lesion with dead tissues and rapidly dividing parasites
2. Fever, lymph node swelling, headaches
3. Invasion of CNS leading to meningoencephalitis
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Meningoencephalitis
Headache, extreme drowsiness, abnormal neurological function, coma
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Fatality of trypanosomiasis if untreated
Patients die within 6 moths of onset of disease
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Pathogen of African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma Brucei
Gambiense and rhodiense
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African Sleeping sickness characterized by
Cyclical waves of parasitemia every 7-10 days
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Tsetse fly
Vector of African sleeping sicknesss
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Treatment of African sleeping sickness
IV medication must begin ASAP after infection
100% fatal if untreated
77
Primary amebic Meningoeencephalopathy
Causes rare and mostly fatal brain infections (death in 3-7 days)
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2 Protozoa causing Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy
Acanthamoeba
| Naegleria Fowleri
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Naegleria Fowleri
Brain-eating amoeba
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Amoeba means
Protozoic
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Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy is contracted by
Inhaling contaminated water
Or entering through abrasions on skin or eyelid
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Naegleria Fowleri is found in
Ponds, lakes, streams,
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Treatment of Primary amebic meningioencephalopathy
Usually too late for effective treatment by the time its diagnosed
Prevent by avoiding contaminated water
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Acanthamoeba can be found in
Tap water
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A prion is an
Infections protein
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Prions cause
Spongiform encephalopathies
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vCJD
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is caused by prions
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BSE
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy “mad cow disease”
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Scrapie
Spongiform encephalopathies in sheep and goats
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Spongiform encephalopathies cause brain to
Be full of holes
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Signs and symptoms of vCJD
Insomnia, weight loss, memory failure, progressive worsening of muscle control
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vCJD is acquired by
Eating BSE contaminated beef
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Treatment/ Prevention of vCJD
No treatment
| Avoid contaminated meat
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A form of folliculitis at the sebaceous gland near eye
Sty
95
Sty is caused by
Staphylococcus aureus (MC)
S. Epidermidis
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Trachoma is the leading cause of
Non traumatic blindness
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Chlamydia trachomatis causes
Eye infection: trachoma
STD: chlamydia
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Trachoma infects ____ during _____
Children during childbirth (mom has chlamydia, kid gets it passing though birth canal)
99
Trachoma in adults
Bacteria from genitalia are introduced to eyes via fomites or fingers
100
Trachoma infection of eye
Eyelids turn inward, eyelashes abrade, irritate and scar cornea, triggering invasion of blood vessels
101
Diagnosis and treatment of trachoma
Diagnosed by identifying bacteria at site of infection
Treated by antibiotics and possible surgical correction
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Leading cause of non traumatic blindness in the world
Trachoma
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Ophthalmia Neonatorum AKA
Newborn conjunctivitis
104
Ophthalmia Neonatorum primariily caused by
Neisseria gonnorrhoeae
105
Pathogens causing newborn conjunctivitis
1. Neisseria gonnorrhoeae
2. Chlamydia trachomatis
3. HHV-2
106
Ophthalmia Neonatorum may result in
Blindness
107
Symptoms for ophthalmia Neonatorum show up
1 day-2 weeks after birth
108
Prevention/ treatment for ophthalmia Neonatorum
- used to be silver nitrate drops
| - now given erythromycin drops
109
Signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis
Red eye, irritation, and watering of eyes (viral and bacterial)
Bacterial conjunctivitis causes grittiness and a purple to discharge causing lids to stick together
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Conjunctivitis AKA
Pink eye
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Conjunctivitis can be ____ or _____
Bacterial or viral
112
Viral pathogen causing conjunctivitis
Adenovirus
113
Bacterial pathogen causing conjunctivitis
Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus aegyptii
114
Ocular herpes AKA
Ophthalmic herpes
115
Signs and symptoms of ocular herpes
Unilateral, gritty feeling, conjunctivitis, pain, sensitivity to light, corneal lesions
116
Ocular herpes can lead to
Blindness
117
HHV-1 infection in eye
Ocular herpes
118
Latent HHV-1 causing ocular herpes is in the ______ ganglion and travels down ______
In trigeminal ganglion, travels down ophthalmic branch
119
Treatment for ocular herpes
Antiviral ointments or eyedrops or steroid eyedrops
120
Location of ocular herpes
Found around edge of eye, can go into eye and lead to blindness
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Ocular Candidiasis caused by _____ most commonly
Candida albicans
122
Candida albicans
Common normal microbiota of skin and mucous membranes
123
Signs and symptoms of ocular candidiasis
Eye pain, red eye, blindness
124
Ocular candidiasis is the result of
An opportunistic infection
125
Ocular candidiasis spread
Through the bloodstream or by direct inoculation into the eye during surgery or trauma
126
Diagnosis of ocular candidiasis
Based on signs and clusters of budding yeasts
Treated with antifungals
127
Protozoan eye disease
Acanthamoeba keratitis
128
Acanthamoeba causes
Acanthamoeba keratitis
129
Symptoms of acanthamoeba keratitis
Severe redness, pain, and corneal inflammation
130
Acanthamoeba Keratitis is associated with
Contact lens use and an emerging disease
131
Treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis
Topically with anti-inflammatory drugs or, if severe, corneal transplant
132
Contact wearers should NEVER:
- use tap water on contact lens
- use homemade solutions to store and clean contacts
- wear contact lenses in hot tubs, swimming, or showering
133
Helminthic parasites of eyes
- Loa loa filariasis
| - onchocerciasis
134
Loa loa Filariasis AKA
Subcutaneous filariasis or Loiasis
135
Filaria
Tiny round worm
136
Calabar swellings
Red itchy welling below skin below the eye caused by loa loa filariasis
137
Loa loa filariasis does not normally affect
Vision
138
Loa loa Filariasis symptoms
Painful while it moves around in the eyeball and across the bridge of the nose into the other eyeball
139
Nematode
Roundworm
140
Pathogen of loa loa filariasis
Nematode loa loa
141
Spread of loa loa filariasis
Deer fly or mango fly (in West Africa) are vectors
-flies deposit larvae, worm matures in body, migrates through subcutaneous tissues to the eye
142
Treatment of loa loa filariasis
Antihelmminthic prophylaxis
143
Antihelminthic’s cause worms to die
Sometimes in the eye, have to use surgery to remove the dead worm from the conjunctiva
144
Onchocerciasis AKA
River blindness
145
Signs and symptoms of onchocerciasis
Long-term corneal inflammation (keratitis), leading to thickening of corneal stroma and then leads to blindness
146
Pathogen of onchocerciasis
Nematode Onchocerca volvulus
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Spread of Onchocerciasis
Vector: black fly
Mostly in Africa
