Exam 1 Condensed

Question 1

What is tonicity?

Answer 1

how is the cell affected

Question 2

What is osmolarity?

Answer 2

concentration of solute in solution

Question 3

Do apical and basal membranes have different number or same number of transporters?

Answer 3

different

Question 4

Water moves to HIGH/LOW osmolarity (osm/L)?

Answer 4

high

Question 5

Does epithelia have vascular or avascular properties?

Answer 5

avascular (nutrients via diffusion)

Question 6

How do you calculate osmolarity?

Answer 6

moles x number of particles

Question 7

Why does hyper-polarization happen?

Answer 7

slow K+ channels closing

Question 8

If anti-diuretic hormone is inhibited then…
INCREASE/DECREASE in intracellular fluid
INCREASE/DECREASE in extracellular fluid
INCREASE/DECREASE in hematocrit

Answer 8

decrease
decrease
increase

Question 9

Where is Na/K+ ATPase located?
basal or apical side

Answer 9

basalateral

Question 10

Does epinepherine increase or decrease in cold?

Answer 10

increase

Question 11

In the parasympathetic response does…
bronicals relax or constrict
bladder relax or constrict
pupils relax or constrict

Answer 11

bronicals constrict
bladder constrict
pupils constrict

Question 12

What is the Fick’s equation?

Answer 12

Js=Ps Cs

Question 13

What NS controls skeletal muscles

Answer 13

somatic

Question 14

How do you calculate intersitial fluid?

Answer 14

ECF x 75%

Question 15

Muscarinic receptors are METABOTROPIC or IONITROPIC

Answer 15

METABOTROPIC

Question 16

Nicotonic receptors are METABOTROPIC or IONITROPIC

Answer 16

IONITROPIC

Question 17

Are Muscarinic or Nicotinic receptors always excited?

Answer 17

nicotinic

Question 18

What is more basic ICF or ECF?

Answer 18

ECF

Question 19

What is Pc?

Answer 19

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 20

What does the adrenal medualla release?

Answer 20

EPI and NEPI

Question 21

What does the adrenal cortex release?

Answer 21

cortisol

Question 22

In the sympathetic NS, does heart rate INCREASE or DECREASE?

Answer 22

increase

Question 23

In the sympathetic NS, does blood vessels constrict or dilate?

Answer 23

constrict (causes increased BP)

Question 24

In the sympathetic NS, does digestion INCREASE or DECREASE?

Answer 24

decreases

Question 25

Blood vessels are under PSNS or SNS control?

Answer 25

SNS

Question 26

What is an example of positive feed back?

Answer 26

hemorrhagic shock

Question 27

What is the partition coefficent?

Answer 27

the more soluble in lipid a solute is the easier it passes the membrane

Question 28

What is oncotic pressure?

Answer 28

osmotic pressure exerted by solute in blood capillaries

Question 29

What are the 4 fluid compartments of the body?

Answer 29

ICF ECF plasma specialized fluid

Question 30

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?

Answer 30

muscarinic nicotinic

Question 31

alpha 1 adrenergic receptors are G___

Answer 31

Gq (activate)

Question 32

alpha 2 adrenergic receptors are G___

Answer 32

Gi (inhibitory)

Question 33

beta 1 adrenergic receptors are G___

Answer 33

Gs (activate)

Question 34

Norepinephrine activates mainly ____ adrenergic receptors

Answer 34

alpha

Question 35

PARASYMPATHETIC POST-ganglionic axons are short/long and myleinated/unmyleinated

Answer 35

unmyelinated short

Question 36

PARASYMPATHETIC PRE-ganglionic axons are short/long and myleinated/unmyleinated

Answer 36

myleinated long

Question 37

SYMPATHETIC POST-ganglionic axons are short/long and myleinated/unmyleinated

Answer 37

long unmyelinated

Question 38

SYMPATHETIC PRE-ganglionic axons are short/long and myleinated/unmyleinated

Answer 38

short myleinated

Question 39

sympathetic postganglionic axons release ___________

Answer 39

norepinephrine

Question 40

Parasympathetic post-ganglionic axons release __________

Answer 40

acetylcholine

Question 41

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons secrete _________

Answer 41

acetylcholine

Question 42

What receptor does the parasympathetic NS use to recept post-ganglionic acetylcholine?

Answer 42

muscarinic receptor

Question 43

What receptor does the sympathetic NS use to recept post-ganglionic norepinephrine?

Answer 43

adrenergic receptor

Question 44

What receptor does the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS use to recept pre-ganglionic acetylcholine?

Answer 44

nicotinic receptor

Question 45

Does the parasympathetic NS use acetylcholine or norepinephrine?

Answer 45

acetylcholine