Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

OLD "MBS 603" > Lecture 1 -- Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 -- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What side of the heart has the highest pressure?

A

left heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What side of the heart has oxygenated blood?

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which side of the heart has de-oxygenated blood?

A

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do veins or arteries bring blood to the heart?

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Do veins or arteries carry oxygenated blood?

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Do veins or arteries take blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What chamber of the heart is mainly responsible for pumping the blood?

A

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is diastole relaxed or contracted state?

A

relaxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is systole relaxed or contracted state?

A

contracted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

A

aortic valve
pulmonary valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 AV valves?

A

mitral valve
tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

between ventricles and arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the AV valves located?

A

between atrium and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of the chordae tendineae?

A

keeps AV valves closed to prevent back flow into the atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is thee role of the papillary muscles?

A

controls chordae tendineae on the AV valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When are the chordae tendineae pulled taught like a parachute?

A

when ventricles contract valve balloons up to prevent blood from going back into the atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 blood vessel structures?

A

arteries
arterioles
capillaries
veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What blood vessel structure is referred to as the “pressure reservoir” and why?

A

arteries
store pressure generated during systole and release it during diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Do arteries stretch to accommodate the pressure during ventricular diastole or systole?

A

systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are arterioles elastic? Why or why not?

A

No, they have smooth muscle around them that allows for contractions and relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What blood vessel most regulates blood pressure?

A

arterioles (due to their smooth muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What blood vessel is the site of gas and nutrient exchange with tissue?

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What blood vessel has only endothelium (no smooth muscle or elastic tissue)?

A

capillaries (need to diffuse nutrients easily)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why are capallaries located everywhere?

A

uses diffusion for exchange of nutrients which only works with short distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the purpose of the pre-capillary sphincters?
diverts blood flow during fight or flight response
26
What blood vessel has a large diameter and thin walls?
veins
27
What blood vessel is referred to as the "volume reservoir" and why?
veins contains the highest volume of blood
28
Why do veins have valves?
prevent blood from pooling in legs (valves pop opened when muscles contraction)
29
What blood vessel has valves?
veins
30
What blood vessel has the most surface area and why?
capillaries does lots of diffusion
31
What blood vessel has the highest blood volume?
veins
32
What are the 4 steps to electrical signals spreading through the heart?
1. SA node 2. AV node 3. His bundle 4. purkinje fibers
33
What node has the slowest conduction in the heart and why?
AV node allows time for ventricles to fill
34
What are the 4 steps to a SA node action potential?
1. hyperpolarization activates HCN channels-- slow entry of Na+ via HCN channels and Ca2+ 2. depolarization -- rapid influx of Ca2+ into cell 3. Ca2+ channels close 4. repolarization -- K+ channels open and K+ leaves cell
35
How is the SA node trigger to fire an action potential?
spontaneously triggered due to unstable resting potential due to initial opening of HCN (Na+) channels that sensitive to hyper polarization
36
HCN channels are sensitive to what 2 things?
1. cAMP 2. hyperpolarization
37
What is the process of a SA node action potential in the sympathetic response?
1. sympathetic nerves secrete epinephrine 2. epinephrine binds to B1 receptor 3. adenylate cyclase is stimulated and creates cAMP 4. more HCN channels open since more cAMP is present 5. faster heart rate
38
What is the process of a SA node action potential in the parasympathetic response?
1. parasympathetic nerves secrete acetyl choline 2. acetyl choline binds to M2 receptor 3. M2 receptor inhibits adenylate cyclase so no cAMP is made 4. less HCN channels open since no cAMP is present (less Ca+ influx) 5. lower heart rate
39
Does adenylate cyclase activity increase or decrease heart rate and why?
increase HR produces cAMP which opens more HCN channels
40
During the parasympathetic response, HCN channels only rely on ______________ and not cAMP levels
hyperpolarization
41
Does cAMP increase or decrease HR?
increase
42
Does acetyl choline increase or decrease HR?
decrease
43
What are the 5 steps of Atria/Ventricular action potentials?
1. depolarization -- Na+ channels open and Na+ enters cell 2. Na+ channels close 3. repolarization -- K+ channels open and K+ leaves cell 4. platue phase -- Ca2+ channels open and Ca+ enters cell while K+ is still leaving 5. repolarization -- Ca+ begin to close and K+ channels dominate
44
What is the absolute refractory period?
Na+ channel are closed and no stimulus can activate a new action potential
45
What is the effective refractory peroid?
Na+ channels begin to recover (some Na+ influx) but not enough for a new action potential
46
What is the relative refectory period?
requires a larger than normal stimulus for a new action potential
47
What is the supranormal refractory period?
membrane is more excitable than normal because membrane potential is closer to threshold than resting potential * easier to start a new action potential than normal
48
What is an ECG?
measures differences in skin potentials that reflect electrical activity in the heart (sum of all action potentials)
49
What happens during the P wave on an ECG?
atrial depolarization (contraction)
50
What happens during the PR segment on an ECG?
conduction through the AV node and bundles
51
What happens during the QRS complex of an ECG?
ventricular depolarization (contraction)
52
What happens during the T wave of an ECG?
ventricular repolarization (relaxed)
53
During a SA node action potential, the beginning slow influx of Na+ is referred to as...
funny current (If)
54
Depolarization means contraction of releaxed?
contraction
55
Repolarization means contraction or relaxed?
relaxed
56
What is referred to as the volume of blood flowing through any tissue at a given time?
blood flow
57
What is referred to as the volume of blood circulating through the vessels each minute
cardiac output
58
What is the equation for cardiac output?
CO = HR x SV heart rate x stroke volume
59
What is stroke volume?
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart's left ventricle during each systolic cardiac contraction
60
How do you calculate stroke volume?
end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
61
What is end diastolic and systolic volume?
end diastolic volume: volume of blood in ventricles once they fill (after atrium contracts) end systolic volume: volume of blood left after ventricle contraction
62
What 3 things is stroke volume determined by?
1. preload 2. afterload 3. contractility
63
The higher the resistance to blood flow the _______ the blood flow
smaller
64
The greater the pressure difference, the __________ the blood flow
greater
65
Is blood velocity higher or low in narrow tubes?
higher
66
Fluid flows only if there is a _________ pressure gradient
positive
67
Fluid flow depends on the magnitude of the ___________ ___________ rather than the overall pressure
pressure gradient
68
When fluid begins to flow through a system, the pressure falls with distance as energy is lost to ___________
friction
69
Is the pressure farther away from the heart higher or lower than the pressure near the heart?
lower
70
The path of blood through arteries to arterioles to capillaries to veins is known as ___________ resistance while the path of blood through just capillary beds is referred to as _________ resistance
series parallel
71
Cardiac output depends on what 2 things?
1. pressure differences 2. vessel resistance flow
72
What is the main determining facor of blood velocity?
diameter of blood vessel (narrower the faster)
73
What is total peripheral resistance?
cumulative resistance of thousands of vessels in the body
74
The total peripheral resistance is roughly equal to resistance of the __________
arteriole (resistance vessel)
75
What is the one exception to the rule that the total peripheral resistance is roughly equal to resistance of the arterioles
lungs (low pressure system)
76
What is Poiseuille's Law?
resistance = 1 / (vessel radius)^4
77
Small changes in vessel diameter/size has a significant effect on flow _______
rate
78
If the radius of a vessel is doubled the flow increases or decreases 16-fold?
increases (more open the vessel the more can flow through)
79
What affects the flow resistance the most?
radius of vessel
80
What is vascular distensibility?
ability of vessels to stretch under pressure ** all blood vessels are distensible
81
What blood vessel is the most distensible and why?
veins contains the most amount of blood
82
Why won't you loose much blood if you cut a vein compared to an artery?
veins have lower pressure
83
Are small or large vessels the dominant contributers to flow resitance?
small
84
Flow regulation is accomplished by vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the __________
arterioles
85
Blood flow from areas of _________ to _________ pressure
high to low
86
Blood flow is opposed by the ____________ of a system
resistance
87
What 3 factors affect resistance?
radius of vessels length of vessels viscosity of blood
88
What unit is flow measured in?
L/min mL/min
89
What unit is velocity measured in?
cm/min mm/sec

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions