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OLD "MBS 603" > Lecture & Vodcast 1 -- Exam 5 > Flashcards

Lecture & Vodcast 1 -- Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The ______________ is responsible for processing the body’s sensory input like light and temperature

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

The ______________ in the brain recognizes stress

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

The pituitary sits on the ___________ bone

A

sphenoid

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4
Q

What tissue type is the anterior pituitary made of?

A

oral epithelium

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5
Q

What tissue type is the posterior pituitary made of?

A

neural tissue

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6
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus stalk

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7
Q

What is the first symptoms of a pituitary tumor vision issues?

A

optical chiasm is being compressed by tumor

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8
Q

___________ signaling is when signal molecule travels to act far from where it was made

A

endocrine

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9
Q

_____________ signaling is when signal molecules acts on neighboring cells

A

paracrine

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10
Q

_____________ signaling is when signal molecules act on the cell that secreted it

A

autocrine

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11
Q

_______________ signaling is when signal molecules produced in CNS act somewhere else in to body

A

neuro-endocrine

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12
Q

What are 2 examples of peptide/protein hormones?

A

growth hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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13
Q

_______________ hormones are synthesized as pre-hormones, stored in secretory vesicles, and are released when intracellular Ca2+ rises

A

Peptide/protein

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14
Q

____________ hormones are derived from tyrosine

A

Amine

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15
Q

What are 2 examples of amine hormones?

A

epi/norepinepherine (EPI/NOREPI)
thyroid hormone (TH)

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16
Q

___________ hormones are derived from cholesterol

A

steroid

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17
Q

What are 2 examples of steroid hormones?

A

cortisol
testosterone

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18
Q

____________ hormones are synthesized in cytoplasm and mitochondria and not stored long term

A

steroid

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19
Q

_________ hormones are not synthesized as pre-hormones and are not stored long term

A

amine

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20
Q

Increased concentration of ______ causes release of peptide/protein hormones

A

Ca2+

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of G-coupled protein receptors peptide/protein hormones use?

A

Gs
Gq
Gi

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22
Q

What hormone type can freely pass through cell membranes via passive diffusion?

A

steroid hormones

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23
Q

What hormone is transported in blood bound to proteins because they have a short half life?

A

steroid hormones

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24
Q

What hormone interacts with intracellular receptors and doesn’t have cell membrane receptors?

A

steroid hormones

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25
What hormone acts as a gene inducer or supressor?
steroid hormones
26
What are the 2 negative feedback mechanisms used to regulate hormone secretion?
1. physiological regualted 2. hypothalamic regulated
27
How can hormone secretion be physiologically regulated?
The physiological effect of the hormone (glucagon raising BG) causes release of a compound which enters blood and can tell endocrine glands to turn off secretion
28
Hypothalamic regulation of hormone secretion has a _______ loop and _______ loop
long loop short loop
29
How can hormone secretion be hypothalamiclly regulated?
hormone can act on the target organ but also loop back and effect glands/organs back upstream to cut them off
30
____________ ___________ from the hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland to release hormones
release hormones (RH)
31
What is the role of hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessels?
blood vessels that deliver release hormones to ANTERIOR pituitary
32
What is the role of the median eminence?
location where releasing hormones enter the blood stream (hypothalmic stalk)
33
What are the 5 hormones the anterior pituitary releases?
prolactin (PRL) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) LH & FSH ACTH growth hormone (GH)
34
Why are hypothalamic releasing hormones secreted in pulses?
to make sure a new membrane receptor is always present
35
What is the second messenger pathway of Gs receptors?
1. activate adenylyl cyclase 2. cAMP 3. PKA 4. rise in intracellular calcium 5. release hormone
36
What is the second messenger pathway of Gq receptors?
1. PLC 2. IP3 3. rise in intracellular calcium and PKC 4. release hormone
37
What is the second messenger pathway of Gi receptors?
PLA blocks stimulatory pathway to prevent release of hormone from cell
38
What kind of receptor does insulin have?
intracellular tyrosine kinase domains
39
What kind of receptor does growth hormone have?
intracellular tyrosine kinase domains with JAKs
40
The hypothalamic hormone, CRH, stimulates pituitary hormone ______
ACTH
41
The hypothalamic hormone, TRH, stimulates pituitary hormone ______
TSH
42
The hypothalamic hormone, dopamine, inhibits pituitary hormone ______
PRL
43
The hypothalamic hormone, GnRH, stimulates pituitary hormone ______
FSH/LH
44
The hypothalamic hormone, GHRH, stimulates pituitary hormone ______
GH
45
The hypothalamic hormone, GHIH (somatostatin), inhibits pituitary hormone ______
GH
46
A __________ endocrine disease affects what adrenal gland, thyroid and gonads
primary
47
A ___________ endocrine disease affects the pituitary gland
secondary
48
A ____________ endocrine disease affects the hypothalamus
tertiary
49
How is stimulation by the hypothalamus of the posterior pituitary different than the anterior
posterior is neural tissue so the hypothalamus axons stretch all the way into the pituitary
50
What 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?
ADH and oxytocin
51
Hypertrophy is the enlargement of _______
cells
52
Hyperplasia is the increased replication of _______
cells
53
What are the 4 jobs of growth hormones?
1. promote linear growth 2. reduce adipose tissue (fat loss) 3. enhance lean body mass (increase muscle) 4. stimulation of immune system
54
What 2 common hormones are NOT important in fetal development and only appear after you are born?
GH and T3
55
What type of hormone is GH?
protein/peptide hormone
56
__________ store mature GH in the pituitary until GHRH stimulates the cell to release the GH
somatotroph
57
Hypothalamic releasing hormones trigger __________ _________ systems in target cells which includes Ca2+, cAMP, and PKC
second messenger
58
What are the 2 stimuli for GH secretion?
exercise and sleep * mainly sleep
59
Why does GH increase during exercise and sleep?
GH increases blood glucose so its release during these "fasting conditions"
60
Why can GH interact with PRL and hCS receptors?
they all share similar structure
61
Does GH increase or decrease blood glucose?
increase
62
In the muscle, what is GH's affect on amino acid uptake?
increases amino acid uptake (for protein synthesis) * building muscle
63
In the muscle, what is GH's affect on protein synthesis?
increased protein synthesis
64
In the muscle, what is GH's affect on glucose uptake?
decrease
65
In the muscle, what is GH's affect on muscle mass?
increase
66
In the liver, what is GH's affect on protein synthesis?
increase
67
In the liver, what is GH's affect on gluconeogenesis?
increase (release more glucose into blood)
68
In the liver, what is GH's affect on somatmedin production?
increase (for production of somatmedins IGF1&2)
69
What are the 2 somatmedins?
IGF-1 IGF-2
70
In adipose tissue, what is GH's affect on glucose uptake?
decreases uptake
71
In adipose tissue, is GH lipogenic or lipolytic?
lipolytic (breaks down fat)
72
Why is GH considered diabetogenic?
decreases glucose uptake ** opposes insulin
73
What is the somatomedin hypothesis?
GH cannot act alone, it must induce the secretion of IGF-1 & 2
74
What is the affect of somatomedins (IGFs) on linear and tissue growth?
increase
75
Somatomedins function is known as __________ because it stimulates the building of bone and tissue
anabolic
76
GH directly differentiates precursor cells but GH indirectly induce cell expansion because GH requires __________ to do this
somatomedins (IGFs)
77
The duel collaboration of IGF and GH results in increased __________ and increased __________
growth hypertrophy (enlargement of cells)
78
What hormone can increase and inhibit GH secretion and why?
gonadal steroids (mainly estrogen) at first accelerates linear growth then closes the epiphyseal plates (stops growth)
79
Why does the somatomedins (IGF-1) peak during puberty?
increased growth increased secretion of GH and IGF-1 which causes increased linear growth
80
What hormone secreted by the hypothalamus regulates GH so no GH is secreted from pituitary vesicles?
somatostain
81
What kind of receptor does somatostatin use on GH vesicles in the pituitary?
Gi (inhibit the release of intracellular Ca2+)
82
What are the two ways negative feedback can inhibit GH secretion?
1. GH autocrinley inhibit itself 2. IGF can inhibit release of GHRH in hypothalamus by stimulating the production of somatostain
83
Does stress inhibit or promote GH secretion?
promote need BG for sympathetic response
84
What is high glucose and free FAs affect on GH release?
inhibits GH release
85
How does somatostatin's Gi receptor inhibit GH secretion?
Gi opens K+ channels which hyperpolarizes the cell which keeps the Ca2+ channels closed so hormone vesicles are not exocytosed
86
How does GHRH's Gs receptor cause release of GH from pituitary?
1. adenyly cyclase 2. cAMP 3. open Na+ channels to depolarizes cell 4. Ca2+ channels open 5. rise in intracellular Ca2+
87
Decreased GH secretion from pituitary results in the lack of what hormone?
IGF * smaller statue
88
Giantism is when excess GH is present __before/after__ closure of epiphyses
before * occurs before adulthood
89
Acromegaly is when excess GH is present __before/after__ closure of epiphyses
after * protruding features
90
Why does Acromegaly (excess GH) cause infertility?
PRL and GH share a receptor
91
2 ways to test for acromegaly is serum _____ levels and ________ tolerance tests
IGF glucose

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

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