Exam 5 Final

Question 1

Rise in intracellular ______ releases peptide/protein hormones via exocytosis

Answer 1

Ca2+

Question 2

Only the ___________ pituitary uses releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

Answer 2

anterior

Question 3

What does dopamine inhibit?

Answer 3

prolactin

Question 4

What is the affect of blood glucose in response to GH?

Answer 4

increase BG

Question 5

When in development is GH secreted?

Answer 5

only AFTER birth

Question 6

What are the 4 roles of GH?

Answer 6

1. linear growth
2. decreased fat
3. increased muscle
4. stimulate immune system

Question 7

What hormone is very important for in utero developnment?

Answer 7

insulin

Question 8

How does GH induce linear bone growth?

Answer 8

stimulates IGFs (somatomedins) which will stimulate chondrocytes to lengthen bone

Question 9

What cell type do IGFs stimulate for linear growth?

Answer 9

chondrocytes

Question 10

What is the target organ of growth hormone?

Answer 10

liver

Question 11

What does GH DIRECTLY affect?

Answer 11

increases production of IGF-1

Question 12

What 2 things can inhibit GH?

Answer 12

1. itself
2. IGFs on the hypothalamus

Question 13

What is the main role of thyroid hormone?

Answer 13

increase metabolism

Question 14

T___ is able to inhibit TRH and TSH

Answer 14

T4

Question 15

What cells produce calcitonin?

Answer 15

C cells (parathyroid)

Question 16

What is the role of calcitonin?

Answer 16

inhibits osteoclasts from destroying bone

• opposite of PTH

Question 17

In hypothyroidism, what are the levels of T3, T4, and TSH?

Answer 17

T3 and 4: decrease
TSH: increase

Question 18

In hyperthyroidism, what are the levels of T3, T4, and TSH?

Answer 18

T3 and 4: increase
TSH: decrease

Question 19

What is the transporter that brings iodide out of the cell?

Answer 19

pendrin

Question 20

What enzyme does deiodination?

Answer 20

TPX

Question 21

What is a short loop feed back?

Answer 21

pituitary hormones inhibiting hypothalamus

Question 22

What is a long loop feedback?

Answer 22

target organ’s hormone feeds back to hypothalamus

Question 23

What is the role of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 23

increase Ca2+
lowers HPO3-

Question 24

Where does PTH act?

Answer 24

kidneys **
gut
bones

Question 25

How does PTH raise Ca2+ levels using the bones?

Answer 25

stimulates osteoBLASTS which stimulate osteoCLASTS to break down bone

Question 26

High levels of Ca2+ and HPO3- stimulate which form of Vitamin D?

Answer 26

24,25-OH-D3 (inactive)

Question 27

What cell type produces PTH?

Answer 27

chief cells

Question 28

What is special about chief cell's Gq receptor?

Answer 28

high intracellular Ca2+ actually inhibits the release of PTH

Question 29

What can bind to osteoblasts?

Answer 29

PTH, Vit D3, estrogen

Question 30

What can bind to osteoclasts?

Answer 30

calcitonin * inhibits osteoclast function

Question 31

What is another name for vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 31

rickets

Question 32

What zone is "glomerulosa" and what does it produce?

Answer 32

zone 1; aldosterone

Question 33

What zone is "fasciculata" and what does it produce?

Answer 33

zone 2; cortisol

Question 34

What zone is "reticularis" and what does it produce?

Answer 34

zone 3: androgens

Question 35

What is produces in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 35

epinephrine

Question 36

What enzyme does zone 1 and 2 both share?

Answer 36

21-hydroxylase

Question 37

What is the last enzyme in zone 1 that is controlled by ATII?

Answer 37

P450 aldosterone synthase

Question 38

What is the role of cortisol?

Answer 38

combats stress and raises BS

Question 39

What 2 hormones are diabetogenic?

Answer 39

GH and cortisol * raise BS

Question 40

What kind of tissue is the adrenal medulla made of?

Answer 40

neural tissue

Question 41

What is the precursor for epinephrine?

Answer 41

tyrosine

Question 42

What are the steps to taking epinephrine?

Answer 42

tyrosine ---> DOPA --> NOREPI ---> EPI

Question 43

What cells in the adrenal medulla is epinephrine made in?

Answer 43

chromaffin cells

Question 44

What enzyme converts tyrosine ---> DOPA when making epinephrine?

Answer 44

tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 45

___________ aids in the conversion of NOREPI --> EPI

Answer 45

cortisol

Question 46

___________ builds the endometrium up

Answer 46

estrogen

Question 47

___________ maintains the endometrium

Answer 47

progestrone

Question 48

What does the LH surge cause in regards to the follicle?

Answer 48

rupture of the graffian follicle

Question 49

__________ and __________ can both long loop negatively feedback in the menstural cycle

Answer 49

estrogen progesterone

Question 50

Why does progesterone negatively feed back during the luteal phase?

Answer 50

prevent another ovulation too soon

Question 51

Why does estrogen negatively feed back during the follicular phase?

Answer 51

prevent overproduction of estrogen

Question 52

Why does estrogen positively feed back during the mid-cycle?

Answer 52

drives more GnRH to produce more inhibin so FSH is inhibited but FH largely increases

Question 53

______ increases P450 Scc in theca cells to produce progenenolone

Answer 53

LH

Question 54

______ increases activity of armotase to convert testosterone into estradiol

Answer 54

FSH

Question 55

Why are there no mature oocytes until ovulation?

Answer 55

hide from immune system

Question 56

During menopause what is the affect on the follicle?

Answer 56

destroyed

Question 57

During menopause what is the affect on estogrogen?

Answer 57

no production

Question 58

During menopause what is the affect on FSH and LH levels?

Answer 58

continue to rise

Question 59

During menopause what is the affect on andorgens?

Answer 59

still present

Question 60

If gamete has XY chromosomes, _____ is secreted to prevent maturation of the mullerian duct

Answer 60

AMH

Question 61

If gamete has XY chromosomes, ____________ is secreted to promote development of internal anatomy

Answer 61

testosterone

Question 62

Role of Leydig cells?

Answer 62

testosterone production (LH)

Question 63

Role of Sertoli cells?

Answer 63

spermatogenesis (FSH)

Question 64

What is the role of androgen binding protein (ABP)?

Answer 64

drive testosterone into cell for spermatogenesis

Question 65

Semen is made of _______ + ___________-

Answer 65

sperm + seminal fluid

Question 66

What is the role of the seminal vesicle?

Answer 66

nourish sperm

Question 67

What is the role of prostate gland?

Answer 67

prevents coagulation and neutralizes pH of vagina

Question 68

What is the role of bulbourethral gland?

Answer 68

lubrication and neutralizes pH of urethra