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OLD "MBS 603" > Lecture 2 -- Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 -- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When are all chambers are of the heart relaxed?

A

late diastole

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2
Q

When does first heart sound happen?

A

after atrial systole (AV valve closing)

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3
Q

What isovolumic ventricular contration?

A

when ventricles contract and but not enough force to open semilunar valves open and AV valves are closed

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4
Q

When are all the heart valves closed?

A

isovolumic ventricular contration

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5
Q

When does the semilunar valves finally open?

A

ventricular ejection (enough pressure has build up in ventricles)

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6
Q

When does the second heart sound happen?

A

after ventricular ejection (semilunar valves closing)

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7
Q

What is isovolumic ventricular relaxation?

A

ventricles are relaxed (low pressure) and semilunar valves close

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8
Q

What are the 5 steps of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. last diastole
  2. atrial systole
  3. isovolumic ventricular contration
  4. ventricular ejection
  5. isovolumic ventricular relaxation
    start again
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9
Q

In a Wigger Diagram, when does electrical events happen relative to the mechanical events?

A

before mechanical events

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10
Q

What is the first small pressure bump on the Wigger’s Diagram?

A

atrial contraction (atrial systole / depolarization / P wave)

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11
Q

What is the very tall hump on the Wigger’s Diagram?

A

ventricular contraction (ventricular systole / depolarization / QRS complex)

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12
Q

What is the reason for the small hump in aorta pressure right BEFORE the ventricles contract on the Wigger’s Diagram?

A

pressure building in ventricles causes semilunar valves to bulge into aorta

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13
Q

What is the reason for the small hump in aorta pressure right AFTER the ventricles contracr on the Wigger’s Diagram?

A

elastic recoil of aorta

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14
Q

What is the reason for the small dip in atrial pressure right after the atrium contracts?

A

AV valves closing

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15
Q

Where on the Wigger’s Diagram does the AV valves close?
(use photo)

A

A

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16
Q

Where on the Wigger’s Diagram does the AV valves open?
(use photo)

A

D

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17
Q

Where on the Wigger’s Diagram does the semilunar valves close?
(use photo)

A

C

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18
Q

Where on the Wigger’s Diagram does the semilunar valves open?
(use photo)

A

B

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19
Q

What is the first upward curve of volume on the Wigger’s Diagram?

A

blood entering ventricles

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20
Q

What occurs at the peak of the volume curve on the Wigger’s diagram?

A

ventricular isovolumic contraction

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21
Q

What is the lowest point on the volume curve on the Wigger’s Diagram?

A

ventricular isovolumic relaxation

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22
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation
- heart filling with blood

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23
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction
- heart ejecting blood

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24
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood ejected out of left ventricle every cycle

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25
What is afterload?
the force against which the heart has to contract to eject the blood
26
What is preload?
initial stretching of the cardiac muscle prior to contraction (due to blood filling ventricles)
27
What is Frank-starling mechaism of the heart?
heart's ability to change its contraction force, and therefore stroke volume, in response to changes in venous return
28
What does the Frank-Starling curve indicate?
left ventricle's muscle can stretch as pressure/volume increase but only to a certain point the myosin cannot attach to each other for contraction
29
As end-diastole volume increased the myocardium stretches more which increases/decreases contraction and stroke volume
increase contraction increase stroke volume
30
What is contractility?
ability of cardiac muscle cells to develop force at any given length (known as inotropism)
31
What is inotropism?
ability of heart modify its muscular contractility
32
Regarding calcium, how does a heart muscle contraction occur?
1. action potential allows Ca2+ influx 2. Ca2+ enters SR then leaves 3. high amounts of Ca2+ in cytosol allows for contraction
33
Regarding calcium, how does a heart muscle relax after contraction occur?
Ca2+ in cytosol enter SR or is pumped out of cell with opposing Na+ gradient (Na+ entering cell)
34
How does Ca2+ enter the SR?
@ 2nd action potential Ca2+ is built up in cytosol PLN unbinds for SERCA2 channel allowing Ca2+ into SR
35
How does Ca2+ NOT enter the SR at the first action potential?
adenylate cyclase makes cAMP which makes PKA PKA phosphorylate PLN which inhibits SERCA (Ca2+) channel preventing Ca from entering SR
36
Why is Ca2+ not allowed to enter SR at first action potential?
need to build up lots of Ca2+ in cytosol first
37
Once a lot of Ca2+ has entered SR via SERCA channel what happens?
Ca2+ quickly leaves SR and muscle contracts
38
What are pressure volume loops?
relates changes in pressure to changes in blood volume in heart
39
On a pressure volume loop, what does A-B mean? (see image)
ventricles filling
40
On a pressure volume loop, what does B-C mean? (see image)
ventricles filling
41
On a pressure volume loop, what does C-D mean? (see image)
ventricular isovolumic contraction
42
On a pressure volume loop, what does D-E mean? (see image)
ventricles eject blood
43
On a pressure volume loop, what does E-F mean? (see image)
pressure falls since ventricles just contracted
44
On a pressure volume loop, what does F-A mean? (see image)
ventricular isovolumic relaxation
45
On a pressure volume loop, where does the mitral valve close? (see image)
C
46
On a pressure volume loop, where does the mitral valve open? (see image)
A
47
On a pressure volume loop, where does the aortic valve close? (see image)
F
48
On a pressure volume loop, where does the aortic valve open? (see image)
D
49
On a pressure volume loop, where is the end systolic volume? (see image)
X axis (A)
50
On a pressure volume loop, where is the end diastolic volume? (see image)
X axis (C)
51
On a pressure volume loop, how do you find the stroke volume? (see image)
distance from ESV to EDV
52
If you were to increase the EDV, how would that affect contractility?
increases contractility
53
If you were to increase contractility , how would that affect venous return?
increase venous return
54
If you were to increase the contractility, how would that affect stroke volume ?
increase stroke volume
55
If you were to increase the preload, how would that affect blood ejection?
increase ejection
56
If you were to increase the preload, how would that affect stroke volume?
increase stroke volume
57
If you were to increase the preload, how would that affect end-diastole volume?
increase EDV
58
If you were to increase the afterload, how would that affect stroke volume?
decrease stroke volume
59
If you were to increase the afterload, how would that affect end-systole volume?
increase ESV (more blood will be left over after contraction = increased volume)
60
If you were to increase the afterload, how would that affect blood ejected?
decrease blood ejected
61
If you were to increase the preload, how would that affect venous return?
increased venous return
62
Under steady state, cardiac output should = _________ return
venous return
63
How is heart rate determined?
rate of depolarization
64
What 2 factors determine stroke volume?
force of contraction (contractility and EDV)
65
What is mean arterial pressure?
average blood pressure in a patient's arteries during a single cardiac cycle
66
How do you calculate MAP (mean arterial pressure)?
diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure) / 3
67
How do you find pulse pressure?
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
68
What 2 ways can blood pressure be regulated?
fast response (via cardiovascular system) and slow response (via kidneys)
69
Where in the brain is BP controlled?
medulla and hypothalamus
70
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
primary way BP is regulated
71
Where are the 2 baroreceptor reflexes located?
carotid sinus aortic arch
72
How do the baroreceptors detect changes in BP?
detects bulging of artery not pressure itself
73
What 3 things on pressure volume loops can be tweaked to change the shape of the loop?
1. contractility 2. pre-load 3. after load

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

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