Lecture & Vodcast 3 -- Exam 5 Flashcards by Camille Miceli

What hormone does zone 1 (Glomerulosa) in the adrenal gland secrete?

aldosterone

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What hormone does zone 2 (fasciculata) in the adrenal gland secrete?

cortisol

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What hormone does zone 3 (reticularis) in the adrenal gland secrete?

epinephrine and testosterone
** main source of epinephrine

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What is the precursor for aldosterone, cortisol and testosterone?

cholesterol

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When making aldosterone, cortisol and testosterone, cholesterol is converted into _______________ in the adrenal gland

pregnenolone

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When making aldosterone, cortisol and testosterone, cholesterol is converted into pregnenolone by what enzyme in the adrenal gland?

P450 Scc

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What enzyme does zone 1 (aldosterone) and zone 2 (cortisol) share when making these hormones in the adrenal gland?

21 hydroxylase

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What is the enzyme zone 1 needs to make aldosterone and is the final enzyme before aldosterone is created in adrenal gland?

P450 aldosterone synthase

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Does high or low Na+ passing through the glomerula (zone 1) in adrenal gland induce synthesis of aldosterone?

low Na+
** will stimulate reaborption

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_____ is the actual stimulator for aldosterone secretion and not Na+ levels because its the one that binds to zone 1 cells to induce aldosterone secretion in adrenal gland

AT II

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______kalemia causes opening of Ca2+ channels on zone 1 cells to start the second messenger pathway for aldosterone synthesis in adrenal gland.

hyperkalemia

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What are the 4 roles of aldosterone in zone 1 of the adrenal gland?

increase apical Na+ channels (for absorption)
increase basolateral Na/K ATPase (for absorption)
increase ATP (for step 2)
increase apical K+ channels (K+ secretion)

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___________ blood volume triggers zone 1 cells

decreased

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What are the 3 hormones for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?

hypothalamus: CRH
pituitary: ACTH
adrenal: cortisol

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_______glycemia induces cortisol secretion

hypoglycemia (cortisol raises BG)

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What is cortisols main function?

raise blood glucose

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_______ from the pituitary stimulates release of cortisol in the adrenal gland

ACTH

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______ can feedback in a short loop fashion to stop CRH secretion from hypothalamus

ACTH

** short: pituitary –> hypothalamus

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cortisol can feedback in a long loop fashion to stop ______ secretion from the hypothalamus

CRH

** long loop: periphery gland –> hypothalamus

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What lipid binds to zone 2 cells when ACTH binds and is needed because its the precusor for the zone 2 hormone?

LDL (cholesterol)

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When does cortisol peak the most?

right when you wake

** long fast

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Cortisol secretion follows _______ patterns

feeding

rises between meals

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What is cortisol’s affect on fat?

increases breakdown except in stomach
* to raise BG

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What’s cortisol’s affect on protein synthesis?

decreases synthesis
* to raise BG

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Why does cortisol seem to break everything down for glucose except it increases glycogen storage?

stores some glucose to prevent hyperglycemia

How does cortisol affect the immune system?

suppresses it

What is the precursor for epinephrine in zone 3 of the adrenal gland?

tyrosine

What enzyme converts tyrosine to DOPA when synthesizing epinephrine in zone 3 of the adrenal gland?

tyrosine hydroxylase

What nervous system stimulates the function of tyrosine hydroxylase in zone 3 of adrenal gland?

SNS ** remember we are producing epinephrine

What enzyme converts norepinephrine into epinephrine in the zone 3 of adrenal gland?

PNMT

Why is cortisol needed to convert norepinephrine into epinephrine even though these hormones are made in 2 different zones of the adrenal gland?

blood supply to the adrenal gland passes through zone 2 before it gets to zone 3 so cortisosl is carried

Is the an aldosterone deficiency or excess? salt craving low sodium acidosis dehydration

deficiency

Is the an aldosterone deficiency or excess? Na+ retention hypokalemia hypertension

excess

What is Addison's disease?

autoimmune destruction of adrenal gland

What is the affect of aldosterone and cortisol levels in Addison's disease?

decreased

Does Addison's disease cause increasing weight or decreasing weight?

decreasing * cannot regulate hunger due to low cortisol levels

Does Addison's disease cause high or low blood glucose?

low (no cortisol to increase it)

What is affect of ACTH levels in Addison's Disease?

high because the adrenal gland is what is messed up so no cortisol is being produced causing excessive secretion of ACTH by pituitary

What is Cushing's syndrome?

excess cortisol

In Cushing's syndrome, what are the levels of ACTH, cortisol, and adrogens?

increased

What would happen to ATII and ACTH and testosterone levels if there is a 21-hydroylase deficiency?

ATII and ACTH would be high (they are upstream of issue) which drives production of pregnenolone (precursor for adrenal cortisol and adlosterone) which will make a TON of testosterone

What do alpha cells produce in the pancreas?

glucagon

What do beta cells produce in the islet of the pancreas?

insulin

What do delta cells produce in the islet of the pancreas?

somatostatin

The islets of the pancreas receive stimulation for para sympathetic and sympatheic NS because cells there produce ________ and _________

insulin glucagon

What is the role of glucagon? What about insulin?

glucagon: raise BG insulin: lower BG

What are the 2 ways glucagon can raise BG?

glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis

Where are most of glucagon's effects felt?

liver

Why does glucagon function the most in the liver?

first location glucagon goes when its released

Is hexokinase inhibited or activated in glucagon conditions?

inhibited (dont want to uptake glucose)

Does glycogen levels increase or decrease in glucagon conditions?

decrease (breaks it down for glucose)

Is acetyl coA carboxylase inhibited or activated in glucagon conditions?

inhibited to prevent malonyl coA from storing glucose as triglycerides

What happens to malonyl coA if glucagon has inhibited cetyl coA carboxylase?

it goes through beta oxidation to generate ketone bodies

Rising ketone levels turn off _______ to prevent ketoacidosis

glucagon

What glucose transporter is insulin-independent?

GLUT2

What is the role of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels in insulin secretion?

formation of ATP (from glycolysis products) closes K+ channel which allows for an influx of Ca2+ = depolarization = release of insulin

When glucagon is high it can stimulate ________ to prevent hyperglycemia

insulin

__________ ________ can activate insulin and glucagon

amino acids

When insulin binds to its receptor it phosphorylates IRS which induces transcription of ....

GLUT 4

What glucose transporter is insulin-dependent?

GLUT4

What tissue type has GLUT 4?

muscle tissue (prevents excessive glucose uptake) adipose tissue

Why can glucose never leave muscle cells?

it doesn't have a G6Pase

What is insulin's affect on lipids in muscle tissue?

increases lipogenesis

What is insulin's affect on protein synthesis in muscle tissue?

increases

What tissue contains GLUT2?

liver

What is insulins affect on glycogen in the liver?

increases storage

What is insulin's affect on acetyl coA carboxylase?

increases it = increased triglyceride

Somatostatin is not a primary regulator of insulin and glucagon because it's meant for _______ __________

fine tuning

Glucagon __can/can't__ directly stimulate insulin but insulin ___can/can't___ stimulate glucagon

can can't

Do type I diabetics have high or low insulin levels?

low * destruction of beta cells

Do type I diabetics have high or low ketone bodies?

high * no insulin to turn it off

Do type I diabetics have insulin resistance?

How does metformin function as a diabetic drug?

reduces liver gluconeogenesis

How does Sulfonylureas function as a diabetic drug?

blocks ATP-sensitive K+ channel to induce insulin secretion * increases intracellular ca2+ to induce insulin secretion

How does DPP-4 inhibitors function as a diabetic drug?

reduces gluconeogensis in liver blocks DPP-4 = more insulin

How does SGLT2 inhibitors function as a diabetic drug?

increases glucose excretion

How does GLP-1 agonist function as a diabetic drug?

synthetic GLP-1 increases insulin secretion reduces gastric emptying