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OLD "MBS 603" > Exam 5 Quizzes & Workshops > Flashcards

Exam 5 Quizzes & Workshops Flashcards

1
Q

Growth hormone exerts many of its effects through the stimulation of what liver produced mediator?

A

IGF-1

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2
Q

Growth hormone primarily stimulates growth of which tissue types?

A

bones and muscles

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3
Q

What hormone inhibits the secretion of growth hormone?

A

somatostatin

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4
Q

Growth hormone follows a diurnal rhythm with the highest levels occurring during…

A

deep sleep

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5
Q

What hormone secreted from the hypothalamus stimulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone?

A

GHRH

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6
Q

What 2 factors increase the secretion of GHRH?

A

sleep and exercise

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7
Q

IGF-1 primarily promotes bone lengthening by stimulating the activity of which cells?

A

chondrocytes

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8
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on blood glucose levels?

A

increase BG

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9
Q

Growth hormone is secreted and synthesized by which cell in the anterior pituitary?

A

somatotrophs

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10
Q

Does growth hormone directly or indirectly affect linear bone growth and how?

A

indirectly

IGF-1 does it directly

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11
Q

Does growth hormone directly or indirectly affect blood glucose levels?

A

directly

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12
Q

_______ glycemia induces synthesis and secretion of GHRH and GH

A

hypoglycemia

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13
Q

Why is it important to check for thyroid function when someone has abnormally short stature?

A

thyroid hormone deficiency stunts bone lengthening

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14
Q

Does growth hormone induce lipolysis or lipogenesis?

A

lipolysis

  • raise BG
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15
Q

If someone’s limbs were NOT proportional, would you suspect it to be hormonal, genetic, or chemical?

A

genetic
* ex: short legs but everything else is proportional

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16
Q

Overproduction of growth hormone can lead to excess production of _________

A

insulin

  • to uptake all the excess glucose
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17
Q

Growth hormone is in excess before closure of growth-epiphyseal plate in what condition?

A

Giantism

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18
Q

Why is growth hormone referred to as “diabetogenic”?

A

raises BG

** opposes insulin

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19
Q

What cell type produces parathyroid hormone in the parathyroid gland?

A

chief cells

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20
Q

What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone?

A

raise blood Ca2+ levels

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21
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of cortisol?

A

ACTH

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22
Q

What hormone stimulates the synthesis and release of T3 and T4?

A

TSH

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23
Q

What hormone does the opposite of parathyroid hormone?

A

calcitonin

  • lowers Ca2+ levels
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24
Q

What tissue is the PRIMARY target of parathyroid hormone?

A

kidneys

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25
What tissue is the SECONDARY target of parathyroid hormone?
bones
26
What is the consequence on Ca2+ levels if someone has hyperparathyroidism?
high Ca2+ levels
27
The active form of Vitamin D that acts on target tissues is called...
calcitriol
28
What is the primary target tissue of active vitamin D in the body?
gut
29
In the gut, calcitriol (active vitamin D) exerts its affects on the GI tract by increasing ...
Ca2+ reabsorption
30
What is a good marker of bone turnover?
alkaline phosphatase
31
Calcitonin opposes the actions of what hormone?
PTH
32
What is the role of parathyroid hormone in the gut?
(indirectly) regulates Ca2+ levels * vitamin D = reabsorbs Ca2+ and HPO3-
33
Humoral hypercalemia of malignancy is most commonly associated with the secretion of what hormone?
PTHrP
34
FSH hormone acts on what cell in the testes?
sertoli cells
35
FSH acts on what cell in the ovaries?
granulosa cells
36
What is the mechanism of action of PDE5 inhibitors in treating erectile dysfunction?
inhibition of breakdown of cGMP
37
How does inhibin regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
provides negative feedback to anterior pituitary to reduce FSH secretion
38
Inhibin reduces the secretion of what gonadal hormone?
FSH
39
During which phase of the menstural cycle does estrogen levels peak?
ovulation
40
How is so much estrogen able to be produced during ovulation?
estrogen suddenly switches from negative to positive feedback
41
How does estrogen affect the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
thickens and proliferates the endometrial lining *estrogen establishes
42
How does progesterone affect the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
maintains the endometrial lining in a secretory state * progesterone protects
43
In human females, when does meiosis II complete during oogenesis?
fertilization
44
What is the outcome of 2 mitotic divisions, in terms of chromosome numbers in terms of the gametes?
haploid cells with half the number of the parents
45
Which cells make up the blood testes barrier?
sertoli cells
46
Which stage of follicle development is characterized by the presence of a fluid filled cavity called the atrium?
graffian follicle
47
Which structure produces testosterone in the response to LH stimulation?
leydig cells * both L
48
What is the main function of FSH in males?
increase expression of androgen-binding protein (ABP) by Sertoli cells * ABP keeps testosterone high to support spermatogenesis
49
_________ feedback to anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH
inhibins
50
What is the role of FSH in ovaries?
stimulate growth and development of follicles
51
What hormone thickens and vascularizes the uterine lining?
progesterone * progesterone protects
52
What structure is produces progesterone in response to LH after ovulation?
corpus luteum
53
What phase does the corpus lutem develop and start producing progesterone?
luteal phase
54
What organ is responsible for regulating blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?
liver * glycogen stimulated
55
What tissue requires insulin for glucose entry into the cell?
muscle and adipose
56
Ketone body formation increases under what physiological conditions?
prolonged fasting
57
What nervous system will promote insulin secretion?
parasympathetic
58
Does reduced free fatty acids result in glucagon or insulin secretion?
glucagon * fasting state
59
What is the function of metformin?
reduces glucose production by targeting liver gluconeogenesis
60
What is the action of GLP-1 agonist?
enhances insulin secretion and promotes satiety
61
What is the role of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in insulin secretion?
promote insulin release by depolarizing cell
62
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
Decrease blood glucose levels
63
During fasting, which hormone increases to stimulate the release of glucose from glycogen stores?
glucagon
64
In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys...
Beta-cells
65
Which medication class is traditionally used as first-line therapy for managing type 2 diabetes?
metformin
66
What is a common long-term complication of poorly managed type 2 diabetes?
neuropathy
67
During fasting, which hormone increases to stimulate the release of glucose from glycogen stores?
Glucagon
68
What is the primary function of glycogen in the human body?
To act as a short-term energy reserve during fasting or exercise
69
GLUT-4 is primarily regulated by which hormone?
Insulin
70
Why is C-peptide measurement important in patients with diabetes?
It provides an assessment of endogenous insulin production
71
Hormones from the hypothalamus enter the blood stream of the pituitary gland at the _______ _______
median eminence
72
List the hormones are released from the pituitary gland?
1. ACTH 2. TSH 3. GH 4. LH/FSH
73
What 2 hormones can act as inhibitors for TSH?
somatostatin and dopamine
74
Where are androgens released from in the adrenal gland?
zone 3
75
Where is epinephrine released from in the adrenal gland?
adrenal medulla
76
What hormone is secreted with ADH to support water reabsorption?
aldosterone
77
What cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine?
chromaffin cells
78
What hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
LH
79
What hormone inhibits FSH release?
inhibin
80
What hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis?
FSH
81
What pituitary hormone can inhibit GnRH release?
FSH if there is already plenty of LH/FSH
82
What hormone is required for spermatogenesis?
testosterone
83
What hormone stimulates the conversion of testosterone to estradiol in the presence of aromatase?
FSH
84
What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?
progesterone
85
What hormone promotes thickening of the endometrium during the follicular phase?
estrogen
86
What hormone inhibits FSH release during the mid-cycle?
inhibin
87
What hormone promotes relaxation of the myometrium during the luteal phase?
progesterone
88
What hormone inhibits GnRH/FSH/LH release during the follicular phase?
estrogen
89
What hormone promotes thickening of the endometrium during the luteal phase?
progesterone
90
What hormone stimulates GnRH/FSH/LH release during mid-cycle?
estrogen
91
What hormone is dominant and released from the anterior pituitary during the follicular phase?
FSH
92
LH induces testosterone production by stimulating _______ cells
Leydig
93
FSH stimulates spermatogenesis by activating _____ cells
sertoli
94
Which stage of life is testosterone the highest?
adulthood
95
Lack of _______ inhibits wolffian duct differentiation
testosterone
96
All primary oocytes are frozen in _________ I until they are ovulated, and all secondary oocytes are frozen in ___________ II until they are fertilized
prophase I; metaphase II
97
What is the main role of each of these? hypothalamus: pituitary: thyroid: parathyroid: adrenal cortex: adrenal medulla: gonads: pancreas:
hypothalamus: control center pituitary: master gland thyroid: metabolism parathyroid: Ca2+ adrenal cortex: steroids (cortisol, aldosterone) adrenal medulla: epinephrine gonads: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone pancreas: insulin, glucagon
98
What is the general role of theca cells and leydig cells?
produce androgens
99
What hormone is involved with theca and leydig cells?
LH
100
What hormone is involved with granulosa and sertoli cells?
FSH
101
What are the mane and female counterparts for the different gondaotrophs?
leydig cells -- theca cells sertolli cells -- granulosa cells

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

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