Exam 1 Part 3

Question 1

Who created the system of classifying organisms based on characteristics in common using binomial nomenclature?

Answer 1

Linnaeus

Question 2

What is binomial nomenclature?

Answer 2

Genus species

Question 3

Who proposed a taxonomic approach on five kingdoms? what were the 5?

Answer 3

Whittaker; animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, and prokaryotae

Question 4

Who proposed three domains as determined by ribosomal nucleotide sequences (rRNA) and what were they?

Answer 4

Carl Woese; eukarya, bacteria, and archaea

Question 5

What kingdom are helminths in?

Answer 5

animalia

Question 6

The shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer as separate entities is known as what?

Answer 6

Resolution

Question 7

Differences in intensity between two object, or between an object and background is know as what?

Answer 7

Contrast

Question 8

T/F: contrast is important in determining resolution and is increased by staining.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

T/F: gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain are all considered special stains.

Answer 9

False; these are differential stains

Question 10

T/F:crystal violet, safranin, methylene blue, and malachite green are all considered special stains.

Answer 10

False; these are simple stains

Question 11

Negative (capsule) stain and flagellar stain are both special stains.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is the term used for a group of bacteria that do not have the typical peptidoglycan cell walls?

Answer 12

Mycobacteria

Question 13

What makes mycobacteria resistant to decolorization by acids during staining?

Answer 13

a high waxy mycolic acid content in their cell walls

Question 14

What is another name for mycobacteria?

Answer 14

acid-fast bacteria

Question 15

During the technique of Ziehl-Neelsen Acid-Fast Staining, what are the two possible results?

Answer 15

red (acid-fast) or blue (non-acid-fast cells)

Question 16

What are the 3 steps of the Ziehl-Neelsen Acid-Fast Stain?

Answer 16

Red primary stains, Decolorize with alcohol, and counterstain with methylene blue

Question 17

Why do red acid-fast cells retain their red color during decorizing with alcohol?

Answer 17

the acid cannot penetrate the waxy wall

Question 18

What are the three steps of the Schaeffer-Fulton Endospore Stain?

Answer 18

primary stain with malachite green, decolorize with water, and counterstain with safranin

Question 19

What are the two results of Endospore staining?

Answer 19

green-stained endospores and red-colored vegetative cells

Question 20

What are dichotomous keys?

Answer 20

seried of paired statements where only one of two ‘either/or” choices applies to any particular organism

Question 21

What flesh-eating reemerging disease caused by a Group A Streptococcus Gram (+) bacteria was discussed in class?

Answer 21

Necrotizing Fascitis

Question 22

An increase in the size of a population of microbes is known as what?

Answer 22

growth

Question 23

What is a colony?

Answer 23

aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell

Question 24

What is a biofilm?

Answer 24

collection of microbes in a complex community

Question 25

T/F: Bacteria and Archaea can be considered photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.

Answer 25

False; bacteria and archaea are not included in chempheterotrophs (might want to look over slide 68)

Question 26

T/F: Microorganisms vary widely in their oxygen requirements for growth.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What is the most important factor (generally) affecting growth?

Answer 27

temperature

Question 28

T/F: Psychrophillic organisms prefer high temps.

Answer 28

False, they prefer cold (crazy people like the cold)

Question 29

T/F: Mesophilic organisms prefer moderate temperatures.

Answer 29

True (M for middle)

Question 30

T/F: very few pathogenic organisms are mesophiles.

Answer 30

False, most are actually

Question 31

T/F: Hyper Thermophilic organisms prefer cold temperatures.

Answer 31

False; these prefer high temps (hyper=higher)

Question 32

What pH range do most microorganisms thrive in?

Answer 32

6-9

Question 33

What pH do most animal pathogens work best near?

Answer 33

pH of 7

Question 34

T/F: Vegetative cell maintenance and growth requires water.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What kind of environment (with regard to osmotic pressure) can cause a cell to shrink and die?

Answer 35

hypertonic

Question 36

What kind of environment (with regard to osmotic pressure) can cause a cell to swell or burst)

Answer 36

hypotonic

Question 37

T/F: Green and purple pigmented bacteria use light as a source of part or all of their energy?

Answer 37

true

Question 38

T/F: Few pathogens are killed by sunlight.

Answer 38

False; most pathogens are killed by direct sunlight

Question 39

T/F: with complex media,the exact chemical composition is unknown.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

What type of media was blood agar associated with?

Answer 40

differential media

Question 41

Which type of media contains substances that favor or inhibit growth?

Answer 41

Selective media

Question 42

Which type of media was Sabouraud dextrose agar associated with?

Answer 42

selective media

Question 43

When preserving cultures, what is the best way to store for decdes?

Answer 43

Lyophilization

Question 44

What is the term for "freeze-drying?"

Answer 44

Lyophilization

Question 45

When preserving cultures, what method is used for storing for years?

Answer 45

Deep-freezing

Question 46

What method of preserving cultures is used for storing for short periods of time?

Answer 46

refrigeration