Exam 1 Part 8

Question 1

How are diseases classified? (4)

Answer 1

body system they affect, taxonomic categories, longevity and severity, and how they are spread to their host.

Question 2

What is the term for a disease in which symptoms develop rapidly and that runs its course quickly?

Answer 2

acute disease

Question 3

What is the term for a disease with usually mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time?

Answer 3

chronic disease

Question 4

What is the term for a disease that appears a long time after infection?

Answer 4

latent disease

Question 5

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 5

a disease transmitted from one host to another

Question 6

What is the term for a widespread infection in many systems of the body; often travels in the blood or the lymph?

Answer 6

systemic infection

Question 7

What is the term for an infection that serves as a source of pathogens for infections at other sites in the body?

Answer 7

focal infection

Question 8

What is the term for infections that follow a primary infection; often by opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 8

secondary infection

Question 9

What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time?

Answer 9

incidence

Question 10

What is the term for the number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time?

Answer 10

prevalence

Question 11

What is the term for a disease that normally occurs at regular intervals at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area?

Answer 11

endemic

Question 12

What is the term for only a few scattered cases within an area or population?

Answer 12

sporadic

Question 13

What is the term for when a disease occurs at a greater frequency than is usual for an area or population?

Answer 13

epidemic

Question 14

What is an epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent?

Answer 14

pandemic

Question 15

What is the index case of a disease?

Answer 15

the first case of the disease

Question 16

What can be included in tabulation of data for descriptive epidemiology?

Answer 16

recording location and time of cases of disease and collecting patient information; also trying to identify the index case

Question 17

What are nosocomial infections?

Answer 17

infections acquired in health-care settings ([patients or employees)

Question 18

What is the term for diseases that result from modern medical procedures?

Answer 18

latrogenic

Question 19

What is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infections?

Answer 19

hand washing

Question 20

What emerging disease discussed in class is a nosocomial disease which can spread between individuals who share fomites (towels, razors, clothing, or sheets)?

Answer 20

community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)

Question 21

What emerging disease is caused by Hantavirus?

Answer 21

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

Question 22

What is sterilization?

Answer 22

removal of all microbes

Question 23

What is an aseptic environment?

Answer 23

one free of contamination by pathogens

Question 24

What is disinfection?

Answer 24

use of physical or chemical agents to inhibit or destroy microorganisms; does not guarantee all pathogens are eliminated.

Question 25

What is it called when a chemical is used on skin or other tissue for microbial control?

Answer 25

antisepsis; the chemical itself is antiseptic

Question 26

What is the term for removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing?

Answer 26

degerming

Question 27

What is the term for the process of disinfecting places and utensils used by the public?

Answer 27

sanitization

Question 28

What is pasteurization?

Answer 28

use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages

Question 29

What suffix is used to indicated that a, agent inhibits microbial metabolism and growth?

Answer 29

-stasis/ -static

Question 30

What suffix refers to agents that destroy or permanently inactivate a particular type of microbe?

Answer 30

-cide/-cidal

Question 31

What is the term for permanent loss of reproductive ability under ideal environmental conditions?

Answer 31

microbial death

Question 32

What is the measurement of efficacy of an antimicrobial agent?

Answer 32

microbial death rate

Question 33

What are the 4 main characteristics of an ideal anti-microbial agent?

Answer 33

inexpensive, fast-acting, stable during storage, and selective toxicity

Question 34

What factors affect the efficacy of antimicrobial methods the greatest?

Answer 34

site and susceptibility

Question 35

What 2 pathogens are the most resistant to antimicrobial methods?

Answer 35

prions and endospores

Question 36

What classification of germicides kills endospores and is used to sterilize invasive instruments?

Answer 36

high-level

Question 37

What classification of germicides is used to disinfect instruments tat contact mucous membranes?

Answer 37

intermediate-level

Question 38

What kind of pathogens are killed by low-level germicides?

Answer 38

vegetative bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and some viruses

Question 39

T/F: moist heat is more effective than dry heat in sanitization.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

What are the 4 main methods of moist heat?

Answer 40

boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization, and UHT (ultrahigh-temperature sterilization)

Question 41

T/F: endospores, prions, protozoan cysts, and some viruses can survive boiling.

Answer 41

true

Question 42

T/F: Pasteurized products are sterilized.

Answer 42

False

Question 43

What physical method of moist heat allows for treated liquids to be stored at room temperature for 6-9 months?

Answer 43

UHT (ultrahigh-temperature sterilization)

Question 44

What are the two methods of dry heat?

Answer 44

hot air and incineration

Question 45

T/F: dry heat requires higher temperatures but for lesser time than moist heat.

Answer 45

False; dry heat require higher temp and longer time

Question 46

What is the ultimate means of sterilization?

Answer 46

incineration