Exam 1 Part 4

Question 1

What is the study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organism’s genetic material?

Answer 1

Genetics

Question 2

What the term for the entire genetic complement of an organism including its genes and nucleotide sequences?

Answer 2

Genome

Question 3

What is the term for the actual set of genes in the genome?

Answer 3

Genotype

Question 4

What is the term for the physical features and functional traits of the organism?

Answer 4

Phenotype

Question 5

T/F:Genotype determines phenotype.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

These small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA are not essential for normal metabolsim, growth, or reproduction, but can confer survival advantages. What are they called?

Answer 6

plasmids

Question 7

What are the 4 types of plasmids?

Answer 7

Fertility factors (F plasmids), Resistance factors (R plasmids), Bacteriocin factors, and Virulence plasmids

Question 8

What is the term for exchange of nucleotide sequences between 2 DNA molecules?

Answer 8

Genetic Recombination

Question 9

What is the term for cells with DNA molecules that contain new arrangements of nucleotide sequences?

Answer 9

Recombinants

Question 10

What normal process (in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes) involves organisms replicating their genomes and providing copies to descendants?

Answer 10

Vertical Gene transfer

Question 11

During which type of gene transfer are genes acquired from other microbes of the same generation?

Answer 11

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 12

During which type of gene transfer can the donor cell be of a different species?

Answer 12

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 13

What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 13

transformation, transduction, and bacterial conjugation

Question 14

T/F: During Transformation, the recipient cell takes up DNA from environment.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is the term for cells that take up DNA?

Answer 15

competent

Question 16

T/F: Transformation occurs in most types of bacteria.

Answer 16

False; only a few types

Question 17

What term is defined as the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus?

Answer 17

Transduction

Question 18

What are the two types of Transduction?

Answer 18

Generalized and Specialized

Question 19

What is the term for transfer of DNA from one cell to another, mediated by conjugation pili?

Answer 19

conjugation

Question 20

What is required by the donor cell during conjugation?

Answer 20

F plasmid (F+)

Question 21

T/F: recipient cells (of conjugation) lack F plasmid.

Answer 21

True (F-)

Question 22

What flesh-eating bacteria that lives in warm salt water was discussed in class?

Answer 22

Vibrio vulnificus

Question 23

T/F: ALL prokaryotes reproduce asexually.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What are the 3 main methods of reproduction for prokaryotes?

Answer 24

Binary fission, snapping division, and budding

Question 25

What is the most common method of reproduction among prokaryotes?

Answer 25

Binary fission

Question 26

T/F: Snapping division is a variation of binary fission.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What is the major difference between binary fission and snapping division?

Answer 27

Snapping division involves a hinge.

Question 28

What are the only things that can produce endospores?

Answer 28

Gram (+) Bacillus and Clostridium

Question 29

T/F: Each vegetative cell transforms into one endospore.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

T/F: Each endospore GERMINATES into one vegetative cell.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

How long does Sporulation take?

Answer 31

8-10 hours

Question 32

T/F: Many endospores produce deadly toxins that cause fatal diseases.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What are cocci in clusters?

Answer 33

staphylococcus

Question 34

What are cocci in pairs and chains?

Answer 34

streptococcus

Question 35

What are the endospore forming rods?

Answer 35

bacillus and clostridum

Question 36

Listeria, propionibacterium, mycobacterium, nocardia, actinomyces, and streptomyces are all considered what?

Answer 36

non-endospore forming rods

Question 37

What disease is caused by the aerobic rod pseudomonas?

Answer 37

pneumonia

Question 38

What Gram (-) Bacteria is associated with UTIs?

Answer 38

Proteus

Question 39

What Gram (-) Bacteria is associated with cholera?

Answer 39

Vibrio

Question 40

What Gram (-) Bacteria is associated with meningitis in children?

Answer 40

Haemophilus

Question 41

What Gram (-) Bacteria is associated with appendicitis?

Answer 41

Bacteroides

Question 42

What gram (+) bacteria is associated with food poisoning?

Answer 42

Listeria

Question 43

What Gram(+) bacteria is associated with lung abscesses?

Answer 43

Nocardia

Question 44

What Gram (+) bacteria is associated with oral abscesses?

Answer 44

actinomyces

Question 45

What Gram (+) bacteria is an important source of antibiotics?

Answer 45

streptomyces

Question 46

What color will bacteria without a cell wall stain during Gram-staining?

Answer 46

red

Question 47

What distinctive appearance will form on bacteria with no cell wall when grown on media?

Answer 47

"fried egg"

Question 48

T/F: bacteria with a cell wall will regularly colonize osmotically protected habitats such as animal and human bodies.

Answer 48

False; this is true of bacteria without a cell wall

Question 49

What reemerging disease discussed in class is usually considered a childhood disease known commonly as whooping cough?

Answer 49

Pertussis

Question 50

What is the largest group of archaea?

Answer 50

Methanogens

Question 51

What is one of the primary sources of environmental methane?

Answer 51

animal colons

Question 52

What is the term for the ~10 trillion tons of methane gas that is buried in mud on the ocean floor?

Answer 52

greenhouse gas

Question 53

What type of Archaea converts CO2 and H2 into methane gas?

Answer 53

Methanogens

Question 54

Which type of Archaea require extreme conditions to survive (temperature, pH, and/or salinity)?

Answer 54

Extremophiles

Question 55

What are the 4 types of extremophiles?

Answer 55

psychrophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, and thermophiles (PHAT)