Flashcards in Exam 1 Part 4 Deck (55):
1
What is the study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organism's genetic material?
Genetics
2
What the term for the entire genetic complement of an organism including its genes and nucleotide sequences?
Genome
3
What is the term for the actual set of genes in the genome?
Genotype
4
What is the term for the physical features and functional traits of the organism?
Phenotype
5
T/F:Genotype determines phenotype.
True
6
These small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA are not essential for normal metabolsim, growth, or reproduction, but can confer survival advantages. What are they called?
plasmids
7
What are the 4 types of plasmids?
Fertility factors (F plasmids), Resistance factors (R plasmids), Bacteriocin factors, and Virulence plasmids
8
What is the term for exchange of nucleotide sequences between 2 DNA molecules?
Genetic Recombination
9
What is the term for cells with DNA molecules that contain new arrangements of nucleotide sequences?
Recombinants
10
What normal process (in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes) involves organisms replicating their genomes and providing copies to descendants?
Vertical Gene transfer
11
During which type of gene transfer are genes acquired from other microbes of the same generation?
Horizontal gene transfer
12
During which type of gene transfer can the donor cell be of a different species?
Horizontal gene transfer
13
What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer?
transformation, transduction, and bacterial conjugation
14
T/F: During Transformation, the recipient cell takes up DNA from environment.
True
15
What is the term for cells that take up DNA?
competent
16
T/F: Transformation occurs in most types of bacteria.
False; only a few types
17
What term is defined as the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus?
Transduction
18
What are the two types of Transduction?
Generalized and Specialized
19
What is the term for transfer of DNA from one cell to another, mediated by conjugation pili?
conjugation
20
What is required by the donor cell during conjugation?
F plasmid (F+)
21
T/F: recipient cells (of conjugation) lack F plasmid.
True (F-)
22
What flesh-eating bacteria that lives in warm salt water was discussed in class?
Vibrio vulnificus
23
T/F: ALL prokaryotes reproduce asexually.
True
24
What are the 3 main methods of reproduction for prokaryotes?
Binary fission, snapping division, and budding
25
What is the most common method of reproduction among prokaryotes?
Binary fission
26
T/F: Snapping division is a variation of binary fission.
True
27
What is the major difference between binary fission and snapping division?
Snapping division involves a hinge.
28
What are the only things that can produce endospores?
Gram (+) Bacillus and Clostridium
29
T/F: Each vegetative cell transforms into one endospore.
True
30
T/F: Each endospore GERMINATES into one vegetative cell.
True
31
How long does Sporulation take?
8-10 hours
32
T/F: Many endospores produce deadly toxins that cause fatal diseases.
True
33
What are cocci in clusters?
staphylococcus
34
What are cocci in pairs and chains?
streptococcus
35
What are the endospore forming rods?
bacillus and clostridum
36
Listeria, propionibacterium, mycobacterium, nocardia, actinomyces, and streptomyces are all considered what?
non-endospore forming rods
37
What disease is caused by the aerobic rod pseudomonas?
pneumonia
38
What Gram (-) Bacteria is associated with UTIs?
Proteus
39
What Gram (-) Bacteria is associated with cholera?
Vibrio
40
What Gram (-) Bacteria is associated with meningitis in children?
Haemophilus
41
What Gram (-) Bacteria is associated with appendicitis?
Bacteroides
42
What gram (+) bacteria is associated with food poisoning?
Listeria
43
What Gram(+) bacteria is associated with lung abscesses?
Nocardia
44
What Gram (+) bacteria is associated with oral abscesses?
actinomyces
45
What Gram (+) bacteria is an important source of antibiotics?
streptomyces
46
What color will bacteria without a cell wall stain during Gram-staining?
red
47
What distinctive appearance will form on bacteria with no cell wall when grown on media?
"fried egg"
48
T/F: bacteria with a cell wall will regularly colonize osmotically protected habitats such as animal and human bodies.
False; this is true of bacteria without a cell wall
49
What reemerging disease discussed in class is usually considered a childhood disease known commonly as whooping cough?
Pertussis
50
What is the largest group of archaea?
Methanogens
51
What is one of the primary sources of environmental methane?
animal colons
52
What is the term for the ~10 trillion tons of methane gas that is buried in mud on the ocean floor?
greenhouse gas
53
What type of Archaea converts CO2 and H2 into methane gas?
Methanogens
54
Which type of Archaea require extreme conditions to survive (temperature, pH, and/or salinity)?
Extremophiles
55