Exam 2 Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
delta g and ‘delta g are related how
A
delt G = ‘delt g + ln (cd/ab)
2
Q
for two sequential chemical rxns, what does each rxn have unique to them
A
equilibrium constant and free energy change
3
Q
chemical link between catabolism and anabolism
A
ATP
4
Q
what energy is used to make Atp from ADP +Pi
A
energy from catabolism of nutrient molecules
5
Q
what in the cytosol binds to ATP and ADp
A
MG2+
6
Q
true substrate of most enzymatic rxns involving ATP
A
MgATP2-
7
Q
does hydrolysis have a high or low free energy
A
high
8
Q
have a sulfur atom that has replaced the oxygen in the ester bond
A
thioesters
9
Q
first step of ATP providing energy
A
transfer of part of the ATP molecule to a substrate molecule or amino acid residue, activating it
10
Q
second step of ATP providing energy
A
displacement of phosphate containing moiety , generating a leaving group
11
Q
what Is considered a high energy compound
A
delt g’ of greater than 25 KJ/mol
12
Q
loss of electrons
A
oxidation
13
Q
gain of electrons
A
reduction
14
Q
conjugate redox pair means what
A
something is oxidized, something is reduced
15
Q
reducing agent or reductant
A
electron donating molecule
16
Q
is reducing agent being oxidized or reduced
A
oxidized
17
Q
oxidizing agent
A
electron receiving molcule
18
Q
is oxidizing agent being oxidized or reduced
A
reduced
19
Q
reactions where a compound loses 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen atoms
A
dehydrogenation
20
Q
what catalyzes dehydrogenation rxns
A
dehydrogenase
21
Q
ways electrons are transferred from donor to acceptor
A
directly as electrons, as hydrogen atoms, hydride ions, direct combo with oxygen
22
Q
both NAD+ and NADP+ accept what
A
two electrons and one hydride ion
23
Q
coenzymes derived from vitamin riboflavin
A
flavin nucleotides
24
Q
enzymes that contain flavin nucleotides
A
flavoproteins
25
aldehydes or ketones with at least two hydroxyl groups, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis
carbohydrates
26
names end with -ose
carbohydrates
27
simple sugars
monosaccharide
28
consist of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit
monosaccharides
29
d glucose is an example of what
monosaccharide
30
short chain of monosaccharide units, or residues, joined by glycosidic bonds
oligosaccarhides
31
sugar polymers w 10+ monosaccharide units
polysaccharides
32
carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain (aldehyde group)
aldose
33
carbonyl group is at any other position ( in a ketone group)
ketose
34
list of monosaccharides
triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose
35
chiral center most distant from carbonyl carbo
reference carbo
36
penultimate OH is on right in fischer
D
37
penultimate OH is down in Haworth
D
38
Penultimate OH is on left in fischer
L
39
Penultimate OH is up. in Haworth
L
40
two sugars that differ only on the configuration around one carbon atom
epimers
41
cyclic formation occurs due to...
reaction between -OH and C=O
42
isomeric forms of monosaccharides
anomers
43
anomeric carbon in glucose anomers is what
carbonyl carbon atom
44
-OH group below the ring (d form0
alpha
45
-OH group above the ring (d form)
beta
46
conversion btw alpha and beta
mutarotation
47
Fru
fructose
48
Gal
galactose
49
Glc
glucose
50
Man
mannose
51
Rib
ribose
52
xyl
xylose
53
end of carbon chain where anomeric carbon is free
reducing end
54
end of carbon chain where anomeric carbon is part of a glycosidic bond
non reducing end
55
a reducing disaccharide
lactose
56
nonreducing sugars example
sucrose and trehalose
57
homopolysaccharides
all the same monosaccharide linked
58
heteropolysaccharide
different monosaccharides linked
59
in the helical structure of glycogen and starch, how many residues per turn
6
60
starch contains what percent amylose
10-30
61
starch contains what percent amylopectin
70-90
62
amylopectin branches every...
20-30 Glc units
63
glycogen branches every..
8-14 Glc units
64
tough fibrous water insoluble substance
cellulsoe
65
most stable conformation of ceelulose
straight extended chain
66
example of bacterial heteropolysaccharide
peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall
67
what type of polymer is amylose
homo
68
what type of polymer is amylopectin
homo
69
what type of polymer is glycogen
homo
70
what type of polymer is celulose
homo
71
what type of polymer is chitin
homo
72
what type of polymer is hyaluronan
hetero (acidic0
73
repeating unit of amylose
alpha 1-4 Glc, linear
74
amylopectin repeating unit
alpha 1-4 glc, with alpha 1-6 clc branches every 20-30 residues
75
glycogen repeating unit
alpha 1-4 Glc, w alpha 1-6 Glc branches every 8-12 residues
76
chitin repeating unit
beta 1-4 GlcNAc
77
cellulose repeating unit
beta 1-4 Glc
78
roles of amylose
energy storage in plants
79
roles of amylopectin
energy storage in plants
80
roles of glycogen
energy storage in bacteria and animals
81
roles of celluose
structural: in plants, gives rigidity and strength to cell walls
82
roles of chitin
structural: in insects, spiders, crustaceans, gives rigidity and strength to exoskeletons
83
role of hyaluronan
structural: in vertebrates, ECM of skin and connective tissue; viscosity and lubrication in joints
84
glycosaminoglycan chains joined to
membrane proteins
85
carbohydrate linked to the -OH of a Set or Thr
O linked
86
carbohydrate linked to the amide nitrogen of an Asn residue
N linked
87
dominant surface feature of the outer membrane of gram neg bacteria
lipopolysaccharide
88
serves as main target for our immune system
lipopolysaccharide
89
O blood type has what
fructose, galactose, n acetylglucosamine
90
B blood type has what
fructose, galactose, N acetylglucosamine
91
a blood type has what
fructose, galactose, N acetylglucosamine, n acetylgalactoseamine
92
what does glucose turn into after glycolysis
2 pyruvate
93
how many NAD+ are used in glycolysis and what is produced
2, 2 NADH are produced
94
How many h2o are produced I glycolysis
2
95
two phases of glycolysis
prepartory phase and pay off phase
96
rxn 1 of glycolyssi
glucose to glucose 6-phosphate
97
enzyme in rxn 1 of glycolysis
hexokinase
98
is an ATP used in glycolysis step 1
yes
99
rxn 2 of glycolysis
glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate
100
enzyme of rxn 2 glycolysis
phosphohexose isomerase
101
rxn 3 glycolysis
fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
102
enzyme of rxn 3 glycolysis
PFK-1
103
is an ATP used in rxn 3 of glycolysis
yes
104
rxn 4 glycolysis
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
105
enzyme of rxn 4 glycolysis
aldolase
106
rxn 5 glycolysis
dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
107
rxn 5 glycolysis enzyme
triose phosphate isomerase
108
rxn 6 glycolysis
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + inorganic phosphate to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
109
Rxn 6 glycolysis enzyme
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
110
rxn 7 glycolysis
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate + ADP to 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP
111
rxn 7 glycolysis enzyme
phosphoglycerate kinase
112
2 ways to make 3-phosphoglycerate from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
directly by using ADP and making ATP; using BPG as intermediate
113
formation of ATP by phosphoryl group transfer from a substrate
substrate level phosphorylation
114
rxn 8 glycolysis
3-phosphoglycerte to 2 phosphoglycerate
115
rxn 8 glycolysis enzyme
phosphoglycerate mutase
116
rxn 9 glycolysis
2 phosphoglycerte to phosphoenolpyruvate
117
rxn 9 glycolysis enzyme
enolase
118
what step is water ejected glycolysis
9
119
rxn 10 glycolysis
phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP to pyruvate +ATP
120
rxn 10 glycolysis enzyme
pyruvate kinase
121
what is enzyme in enol to ketone form
tautomerization
122
the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is...
exergonic
123
the conversion of adp to ATP is...
endergonic
124
under standard conditions, glycolysis is essentially...
irreversible
125
which steps of glycolysis is ATP used
1,3
126
which step of glycolysis is ATP made
7,10
127
3 catabolic fates of pyruvate
1. nadh needs to be recycled to NAD+
2. under aerobic conditions, pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA
3. under anaerobic condiotns (hypoxia)pyruvate is reduced to lactate or ethanol
128
effect by which the rate and total amount of glucose consumption under anaerobic conditions is many times greater than under aerobic conditions,
pasteur effect
129
the observation that tumor cells have high rates of glycolysis, with fermentation of glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen
Warburg effect
130
general term for processes that extract energy as ATP but do not consume oxygen or change the concentrations of NAD+ or NADH
fermentation
131
pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH and is reduced to lactate while regenerating the NAD+ necessary for glycolysis
lactic acid fermentation
132
ethanol (alcohol) fermentation
pyruvate is further catabolized to ethanol
133
organisms can regernate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate , forming ....
lactate
134
catalyzed reduction of pyruvate to lactate
lactate dehydrogenase
135
lactate is carried in the blood to the...
liver
136
yeasts and other microorganisms regenerate NAD+ via reducing what to what
pyruvate to ethanol and CO2
137
lactobacillus bulgaricus ferments what
carbohydrates in milk to lactic acid to make yogurt
138
propionibacterium freudenrichi ferments what
milk to produce propanoic acid and CO2 to make Swiss cheese
139
lactose intolerance caused by what
lactose enzyme decrease with age
140
erythrocytes, brain, renal medulla, and sperm all require...
glucose as sole energy source
141
able to undergo net conversion to glucose
glucogenic amino acids
142
pyruvate glicogenic amino acids
alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, threonine, tryptophan
143
alpha ketoregulate glucose amino acids
arginine, glutamate, glutamine, histidine, proline
144
succinyl CoA glucogenic aminoacids
isoleucine, methionine, threonine, valine,
145
fumarate glucogenic aminoacids
phenylalanine, tyrosine
146
oxaloacetate glucogenic amino acids
asparagine, aspartate
147
conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate is which bypass of gluconeogeneiss
first bypass
148
mitochondrial enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate
pyruvate carboxylase
149
pyruvate carboxylase requires which conenzyme
biotin
150
biotin delivers what to pyruvate
CO2
151
gluconeogenesis bypass 1a
bicarbonate + pyruvate to oxaloacetate
152
enzyme in bypass 1a
pyruvate carboxylase
153
is Atp used in bypass 1a
yes
154
bypass 1b
oxaloacetate plus gtp to phosphoenolpyruvate
155
enzyme for bypass 1b
PEP carboxylase
156
mitochondrial enzyme that uses NADH to reduce oxaloacetate to malate
malate dehydrogenase
157
where is malate reoxidized to oxaloacetate
cytosol
158
enzyme involved in pyruvate to oxaloacetate
pyruvate carboxylase
159
enzyme involved with oxaloacetate to malate
mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase
160
enzyme involved with oxaloacetate to PEP
cytosolic PEP carboxykinases
161
converts fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by hydrolysis of c1 phosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
162
fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate what enzyme
PFK 1
163
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate what enzyme
FBPase-1
164
catalyzes simple hydrolysis of glucose 6 phosphate to glucose
glucose 6 phosphatase
165
is atp involved in glucose 6 phosphate to glucose
no
166
2 molecules of ADP to 1 ATP and 1 AMP, catalyzed by what
adenylate kinase
167
what in the liver has kinetic properties related to its role in maintaining glucose homeostasis
hexokinase 4
168
another name for hexokinase 4
glucokinase
169
where is hexokinase 4 anchored
inside the nucleus
170
does PFk 1 have a lot or a little bit of binding sites
a lot
171
regarding binding of PFK1, what role does high ATP play
lower affinity
172
regarding binding of PFK 1 what role does low AT P play
high affinity
173
inhibits PFK1
citrate
174
is citrate high o low when ATP is high
high
175
activates PFK1
f26BP
176
presence of AMP means what
glycolysis can occur
177
absence of AMP means what
gluconeogenesis can occur
178
presence of F26BP
glycolysis can occur
179
absence of f26bp
gluconeogenesis can occur
180
catalyzes the formation of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK2)
181
catalyzes breakdown of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase (FBPase-2)
182
insulin activates.... also which process is activates
PFK2, glycolysis
183
glucagon activates what and what process
FBPase 2, gluconeogenesis
184
stimulates phosphorylation of pyruvate kinases
glucagon
185
Acetyl CoA presence favors...
gluconeogenesis
186
alternative pathway for glucose oxidation
pentose phosphate pathway
187
rapidly dividing cells use what to make RNA DNA and coenzymes
ribose 5 phosphate
188
oxidative phase rxn 1
glucose 6-phosphate to 6-phosphoglucono lactone
189
enzyme in oxidative phase Rxn 1
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
190
oxidative phase rxn 2
6 phosphoglucono lactone to 6 phospho gluconate
191
oxidative phase rxn 2 enzyme
lactonase
192
oxidative phase rxn 3
6 phospho gluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate
193
oxidative phase rxn 3 enzyme
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
194
oxidative phase rn 4
ribulose 5 phosphate to ribose 5 phosphate
195
oxidative phase rxn 4 enzyme
phosphopentose isomerase
196
nonoxidative phase rxn 1
ribulose 5 phosphate to xylulose 5 phosphate
197
non oxidative rxn 1 enzyme
ribulose 5- phosphate epimerase
198
non oxidative rxn 2
xylulose 5 phosphate + ribose 5 phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + sedoheptulose 7 phosphate
199
no oxid rxn 2 enzyme
transketolase
200
nonoxid rxn 3
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + sedoheptulose 7 phosphate to erythrose 4 phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate
201
non oxidative rxn 3 enzyme
transaldose
202
nonoxid rxn 4
erythrose 4 phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate+ fructose 6 phosphate
203
nonoxid rxn 4 enzyme
transketolase
204
5 membered ring
furanoses
205
6 membered ring
pyranoses
