Exam 2 final review

Question 1

carbonyl group is at end of the carbon chain

Answer 1

aldose

Question 2

carbonyl group is at any other position (in a ketone group)

Answer 2

ketose

Question 3

pentose. component of RNA and comp of DNA

Answer 3

Rna: d - ribose DNA: 2-deoxy-d-ribsoe

Question 4

2 hexoses are what

Answer 4

d-glucose, d-fructose

Question 5

chiral center most instant from carbonyl carbon

Answer 5

reference carbon

Question 6

two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom

Answer 6

epimer

Question 7

epimers of glucose

Answer 7

mannose, galactose

Question 8

6 membered ring, form when the hydroxyl group at C5 reacts with the aldehyde group at C1

Answer 8

pyranoses

Question 9

5 membered ring, form when the hydroxyl group at C5 reacts with the keto group at C2

Answer 9

furanoses

Question 10

function of amylose

Answer 10

energy storage in plants

Question 11

function of amylopectin

Answer 11

energy storage in plants

Question 12

glycogen function

Answer 12

energy storage in bacteria and animal cells

Question 13

cellulose function

Answer 13

structural in plants, gives rigidity and strength to cell walls

Question 14

chitin function

Answer 14

structural in insects, spiders, gives rigidity and strength to exoskeletons

Question 15

peptidoglycan function

Answer 15

structural in bacteria, gives rigidity and strength to cell envelope

Question 16

dominant surface feature of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

Answer 16

lipopolysaccharides

Question 17

serve as main target for our immune system

Answer 17

lipopolysaccharides

Question 18

3 functions of phosphorylation

Answer 18

traps biomolecule, activates biomolecule, contributes to binding energy

Question 19

2 phases of glycolysis

Answer 19

prepatory and payoff

Question 20

relationship between k and delta g is

Answer 20

delta G = -RT ln (k)

Question 21

when k is less than 1, the reaction…

Answer 21

proceeds in reverse

Question 22

when k is more than 1, the reaction..

Answer 22

proceeds forward

Question 23

Mg2+ in the cytosol binds to….

Answer 23

ATP and ADP

Question 24

how is pyruvate formed

Answer 24

PEP is hydrolyzed

Question 25

have a sulfer atom that has replaced the oxygen in the ester bond

Answer 25

thioesters

Question 26

conjugate redox pair includes what

Answer 26

something reduced, something oxidized

Question 27

reaction where a compound loses two electrons and two hydrogen ions

Answer 27

dehydrogenation

Question 28

dehydrogenation catalyzed by what

Answer 28

dehydrogenases

Question 29

what do NAD+ and NADP+ both accept

Answer 29

two electrons, one proton

Question 30

coenzymes derived from the vitamin riboflavin

Answer 30

flavin nucleotides

Question 31

enzymes that contain flavin nucleotides

Answer 31

flavoproteins

Question 32

under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is...

Answer 32

oxidized to acetyl CoA

Question 33

under anaerobic condones, pyruvate is...

Answer 33

reduced to lactate or ethanol

Question 34

effect by which the rate and total amount of glucose consumption under anaerobic conditions is many times greater than under aerobic conditions

Answer 34

Pasteur effect

Question 35

observation that tumor cels have high rates of glycolysis , with fermentation of glucose to lactate, even in the presence of oxygen

Answer 35

Warburg effect

Question 36

general term for processes that extract energy as ATP, but do not consume oxygen or change the concentrations of NAD+ or NADH

Answer 36

fermentation

Question 37

pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH and is reduced to lactate while regeneration the NAD+ necessary for glycolysis

Answer 37

lactic acid fermentation

Question 38

pyruvate is further catabolized to ethanol

Answer 38

ethanol fermentation

Question 39

terminal election acceptor in lactic acid fermentation

Answer 39

pyruvate

Question 40

organisms can regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate,, forming....

Answer 40

lactate

Question 41

catalyzed the reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Answer 41

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 42

erythrocytes, renal medulla, brain and sperm all require what

Answer 42

glucose

Question 43

mitochondrial enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate

Answer 43

pyruvate carboxylase

Question 44

pyruvate carboxylase requires what coenzyme

Answer 44

biotin

Question 45

mitocondrial enzyme that uses NADH to reduce oxaloacetate to malate

Answer 45

malate dehydrogenase

Question 46

malate is reoidized to oxaloacetate in what

Answer 46

cytosol

Question 47

converts fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by hydrolysis of the C-1 phosphate

Answer 47

fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate

Question 48

catalyzed the simple hydrolysis of glucose 6 phos to glucose

Answer 48

glucose 6 phosphatase

Question 49

glucokinase is also known as

Answer 49

hexokinase 4

Question 50

if there is low ATP, how does this affect PFK1 binding

Answer 50

higher affinity

Question 51

ADP and AMP do what to PFK1

Answer 51

increase it

Question 52

citrate and ATP do what to PFK1

Answer 52

inhibit

Question 53

F26BP does what

Answer 53

activates PFK1, inhibits FBPase 1

Question 54

catalyzes formation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

Answer 54

phosphofructokinase 2

Question 55

catalyzed the breakdown of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

Answer 55

fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase

Question 56

alternative pathway for glucose oxidation

Answer 56

pentose phosphate pathway