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Integrated Physiology > Exam 2 (Chapter 9) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Chapter 9) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are emergent properties?

A

properties that we cannot predict (complex)
-due to human plasticity
-Affective & Cognitive

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2
Q

what are affective properties, what are cognitive properties?

A

affective: feeling, emotion
cognitive: thinking

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3
Q

sponge NS

A

-no neurons
-have electrically excitable cells

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4
Q

jellyfish NS

A

no centralization of brain or spinal cord
-have a nerve net

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5
Q

flatworm NS

A

-centralization of nerve cords

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6
Q

roundworm NS

A

-primitive brain (ganglion)
-nerve cord

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7
Q

vertebrate NS

A

-brain varies in size, folding, and surface area

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8
Q

embryonic forebrain develops into what?

A

diencephalon, cerebrum

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9
Q

embryonic midbrain develops into what?

A

midbrain

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10
Q

embryonic hindbrain develops into what?

A

medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons

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11
Q

which is myelinated, gray or white matter?

A

white matter

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12
Q

what two structures provide bony protection?

A

skull, vertebral column

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13
Q

what do meninges do? what are the three types?

A

stabilizes NS and provides cushion b/w bone & NS
-Dura mater (OUTER)
-Arachnoid MB
-Pia mater (INNER)

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14
Q

how does cerebrospinal fluid provide protection?

A

provides physical and chemical protection
-secreted by the choroid plexus
-b/w arachnoid MB and pia mater

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15
Q

what is the blood-brain-barrier? (BBB)

A

-b/w interstitial fluid & blood
-VERY selective on what can enter the brain (only O2 & CO2)
-has tight junctions b/w membrane of capillaries

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16
Q

what are the two metabolic requirements of neural tissue?

A

O2 (1/5) and glucose (1/2)

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17
Q

what are the two spinal nerves? what type of info do they carry?

A

Dorsal Root: sensory / afferent info (to the CNS)
Ventral Root: motor / efferent info (to the TARGETS)

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18
Q

what types of tracts does white matter have? where does it run to?

A

ascending tracts: periphery -> brain
descending tracts: brain -> periphery
propriospinal: remains in the cord

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19
Q

what is unique about the spinal reflex? what does the reflex do?

A

it does not need the brain to carry out the reflex
-helps with coordination & body positioning
-withdrawal reflex

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20
Q

what are the four parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
reticular formation

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21
Q

what houses 11/12 cranial nerves and is the oldest region of the brain?

A

brainstem

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22
Q

what part of the brain does the pupillary reflex and integrate auditory & visual reflexes?

A

midbrain

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23
Q

what part of the brain relays information b/w the cerebellum & cerebrum and regulates & coordinates breathing?

A

pons

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24
Q

what part of the brain has descending corticospinal tracts, ascending somatosensory tracts, and controls involuntary actions such as BP, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting?

A

medulla oblongata

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25
what part of the brain deals with arousal and consciousness?
reticular formation
26
what part of the brain sends afferent signals from CN8, body coordination, and is the 2nd largest part of the brain?
cerebellum
27
what are the four parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary gland
28
what part of the brain relays sensory & motor info to the cerebellum?
thalamus
29
what part of the brain secretes melatonin?
pineal gland
30
what part of the brain does homoeostasis, autonomic NS, and behavioral drives (thirst, hunger)?
hypothalamus
31
what part of the brain does hormone secretion?
pituitary gland
32
what are the three parts of the cerebrum?
cerebral cortex basal ganglia limbic system
33
what are the four lobes in the cerebrum?
frontal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe parietal lobe
34
what part of the brain has sensory areas (perception), motor areas (skeletal muscle) and association areas (voluntary movement)?
cerebral cortex
35
what part of the brain inhibits signals to skeletal muscle, secretes dopamine, and has gray matter?
basal ganglia
36
what part of the brain modulates emotion, bx, memory, and learning? This part of the brain also contains the amygdala and hippocamppus?
limbic system
37
what part of the brain is divided into 2 hemispheres?
cerebrum
38
which lobe deals with auditory info?
temporal lobe
39
which lobe deals with motor and decision making?
frontal lobe
40
which lobe contains the somatosensory cortex?
parietal lobe
41
which lobe deals with visual information?
occipital lobe
42
what is cerebral lateralizatoin?
having left and right dominance in certain areas -LEFT: language, verbal -RIGHT: spatial skills
43
what does the somatosensory cortex do?
deals with sensory information from skin, body positioning, temp, pain, touch
44
what are the cranial nerves in order? are they a sensory, motor, or both nerve?
1: olfactory (S) 2: optic (S) 3: oculomotor (M) 4: trochlear (M) 5: trigeminal (B) 6: abducens (M) 7: facial (B) 8: vestibulocochlear (S) 9: glossopharyngeal (B) 10: vagus (B) 11: spinal accessory (M) 12: hypoglossal (M)
45
what does the olfactory nerve do? (CN1)
smell
46
what does the optic nerve do? (CN2)
sight
47
what does the oculomotor nerve do? (CN3)
pupillary reflex ciliary muscle movement of lens eye lid movement
48
what does the trochlear nerve do? (CN4)
superior oblique muscles of the eye (down-out)
49
what does the trigeminal nerve do? (CN5)
sensory info from face, scalp taste mastication (chewing)
50
what does the abducens nerve do? (CN6)
lateral rectus muscles of the eye (outward)
51
what does the facial nerve do? (CN7)
facial expressions (face, nose, soft pallet) taste
52
what does the vestibulocochlear nerve do? (CN8)
hearing equilibrium
53
what does the glossopharyngeal nerve do? (CN9)
taste swallowing deals with the pharynx, epiglottis, and salivary glands
54
what does the vagus nerve do? (CN10)
parasympathetic NS GI tract swallowing (epiglottis)
55
what does the spinal accessory nerve do? (CN11)
muscles of head, shoulders, and laryngeal -not a true cranial nerve
56
what does the hypoglossal nerve do? (CN12)
tongue muscles
57
what are the three motor / efferent outputs from the CNS?
skeletal muscle movement (voluntary) -somatic NS, frontal lobe neuroendocrine signals (breathing, BP) -hypothalamus, adrenal medulla visceral responses -autonomic NS, hypothalamus, medulla
58
can the behavioral system and motor outputs interact together?
YES -bx can affect our HR
59
where are the neurons found that control the behavioral NS?
cerebral cortex -reticular formation, hypothalamus, limbic system
60
where are the diffuse modulatory systems located at?
reticular formation
61
NE (noadrenergic) diffuse modulatory system functions
attention arousal sleep-wake cycles learning memory anxiety pain mood
62
serotonin (serotonergic) diffuse modulatory system functions
pain locomotion sleep-wake cycles mood emotion
63
dopamine (dopaminergic) diffuse modulatory system functions
motor control "reward" systems can lead to addiction
64
ACh (cholinergic) diffuse modulatory system functions
sleep-wake arousal learning memory sensory info
65
what measures sleep patterns?
EEG
66
what part of sleep is the majority? what are the three parts of it? what types of waves does it produce?
Non-REM -N1, N2, N3 -slow waves, deep sleep, delta waves
67
what do they waves look like when we are awake?
irregular alpha waves
68
what do the waves during REM look like?
similar to awake waves
69
what part of the brain controls circadian rhythm?
suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus -communicates w/ the pineal gland to secrete melatonin -gets signals from light cues
70
what part of the brain deals with emotion?
limbic system amygdala: fear, anxiety, aggression diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
71
what is motivation?
internal signals that shape voluntary bx -known as drives (food drive, satiety, pleasure, addictive bx)
72
what is mood? what four things does it involve?
long-lasting emotional states -involve... genetic factors, diffuse modulatory systems, trophic factors, external stressors
73
what is learning? what are the two parts of learning?
acquisition of knowledge -associative and non-associative learning
74
what is associative learning?
pavlovian conditioning -2 stimuli associated w/ eachother
75
what is non-associative learning?
change in bx after repeated exposure to a single stimulus -habituation, sensitization
76
what is habituation?
decrease response to an irrelevant stimulus -loud noise over and over again, you get used to the loud noise and don't get startled again
77
what is sensitization?
increase response to a noxious / intense stimulus -becoming sick to fireball and never wanting it again
78
what is memory? which area of the brain deals with memory? where are memories stored?
ability to retain and recall info -in the hippocampus -stored in the cerebral cortex pathways (visual & auditory cortexes)
79
what is short-term memory?
7-12 pieces of information -if not repeated, it will disappear w/in a day
80
what is working memory?
used to make a decision and complete a task -EX: crossing the street
81
what is long-term memory?
lasts for years -two types: reflexive and declarative
82
what is reflexive / implicit / procedural LT-memory?
muscle memory, w/o conscious effort -amygdala, cerebellum
83
what is declarative / explicit LT-memory?
conscious effort to recall -facts & figures -temporal lobe
84
what is consolidation?
converting short-term memories into long-term
85
where is language processed?
cerebral cortex
86
what two areas in the left hemisphere process language?
Wernicke's area (understand & interpret) -> Broca's Area (integrates outputs) -> motor cortex of frontal lobe

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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