Exam 4: Chapter 16

Question 1

what is plasma?

Answer 1

surrounds the cells of the connective tissue in the blood
-considered an extracellular matrix
-made up mainly of water

Question 2

what are the four types of plasma cells?

Answer 2

albumins
globulins
fibrinogens
transferrin

Question 3

what do albumins do?

Answer 3

MAJORITY
-colloid osmotic pressure

Question 4

what do globulins do?

Answer 4

antibodies, protein carriers, and other clotting factors

Question 5

what do fibrinogens do?

Answer 5

forms fibrin threads for forming a clot

Question 6

what do transferrins do?

Answer 6

transports iron
-important for heme groups!

Question 7

what are the three cellular elements?

Answer 7

RBC
white blood cells
platelets

Question 8

what are the five types of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

Answer 8

lymphocyte
monocyte
neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil

Question 9

what do lymphocytes do?

Answer 9

T & B cells
-specific immune responses

Question 10

what do monocytes do?

Answer 10

differentiate into macrophages
-phagocytic

Question 11

what do neutrophils do?

Answer 11

MAJORITY
-mobile phagocytes
-first to arrive at infection

Question 12

what do basophils do?

Answer 12

contain granules of histamine
-allergic response
-less than 1%

Question 13

what do eosinophils do?

Answer 13

parasitic infections
-allergic responses

Question 14

what is a hematocrit?

Answer 14

tells us the % of RBCs
-low RBC = less resistance
-high RBC = more resistance

Question 15

what are the two precursor cells for a RBC? whats the difference b/w them?

Answer 15

erythroblasts = nucleus
reticulocyte = no nucleus

Question 16

does a mature RBC have a nucleus?

Answer 16

NO!!
-cannot replicate!

Question 17

what is the shape of RBC’s? what three things about the morphology give us clues for disease?

Answer 17

biconcave disks (more flexibility)
-shape, color, size give us clues for disease

Question 18

what is the main protein in RBCs?

Answer 18

hemoglobin

Question 19

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

Answer 19

4 peptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)
-each chain has a heme group (porphyrin ring, iron molecule)

Question 20

what does hemoglobin do?

Answer 20

carries O2

Question 21

what does ferritin do?

Answer 21

stores iron in the liver

Question 22

how are RBCs recycled in the liver?

Answer 22

heme -> billrubin -> bile

Question 23

what is the shortest lived cellular element? longest lived?

Answer 23

shortest: white blood cells (hours)
longest: RBCs (4 months)

Question 24

what is anemia?

Answer 24

decreases O2 carrying capacity in the blood
-can no longer carry normal amount
-fewer RBCs produced OR RBCs are lost at a faster rate
-due to iron, folic acid, or vitamin 12 deficiency

Question 25

what are platelets?

Answer 25

does coagulation (clotting) -very small (cell fragments) -no nucleus -live for 10 days

Question 26

what is the precursor for platelets?

Answer 26

megakaryocytes -platelets break off megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

Question 27

what is hemostasis?

Answer 27

preventing blood loss from damaged vessels

Question 28

what are the three steps to hemostasis?

Answer 28

1. vasoconstriction (minor tears) 2. platelet plug (mild tears) 3. coagulation (severe tears)

Question 29

how does vasoconstriction help prevent blood loss?

Answer 29

decreases blood flow to the area -mediated by paracrines

Question 30

what is the platelet plug pathway?

Answer 30

1. exposed collagen 2. attracts and activates platelets 3. releases factors (platelet activating factor, van willibrand factor, thromboxane A2) 4. positive feedback loop to attract and activate platelets

Question 31

what does the platelet activating factor do?

Answer 31

attract and activate platelets

Question 32

what does the van willibrand factor do?

Answer 32

adheres platelets to collagen

Question 33

what does thromboxane A2 do?

Answer 33

attract and activate platelets

Question 34

how do you stop the formation of the platelet plug?

Answer 34

prostacyclin and NO stop platelet adherence

Question 35

what is the coagulation pathway?

Answer 35

INTRINSITC 1. exposed collagen 2. factor12 EXTRINSIC 1. damaged tissue around vessel 2. factor3 3. factor7 COMMON 1. factor10 2. prothrombin -> thrombin 3. fibrinogen -> fibrin 4. factor13 5. cross-linked fibrin clot

Question 36

what two things is the coagulation pathway dependent on?

Answer 36

Ca2+ and Vitamin K

Question 37

what is the process that removes the fibrin in the clot?

Answer 37

fibrinolysis

Question 38

what is the process of fibrinolysis?

Answer 38

1. plasminogen -> plasmin (TPA: tissue plasmin activator) 2. breaks down fibrin 3. clot dissolved

Question 39

what do anticoagulants do? what are the two ways it acts?

Answer 39

prevents coagulation -inhibition of platelet adhesion -inhibition of coagulation cascade

Question 40

what two things inhibit platelet adhesion?

Answer 40

prostacyclin NO

Question 41

what two things inhibit the coagulation cascade?

Answer 41

antithrombin 3 heparin

Question 42

what is hemophilia?

Answer 42

uncontrollable loss of blood -can't make clots

Question 43

what is the process of a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell?

Answer 43

uncommitted stem cell (can become any blood cell) ↓ progenitor cell (committed cell, after hematopoiesis) *found in bone marrow!!*

Question 44

what is the process called that synthesizes blood cells?

Answer 44

hematopoiesis

Question 45

where does hematopoiesis occur in an embryo?

Answer 45

liver and spleen

Question 46

what is red marrow?

Answer 46

hematopoiesis occurs -due to hemoglobin present

Question 47

what is yellow marrow?

Answer 47

very little hematopoiesis occurs -due to high levels of fat present

Question 48

what is hematopoiesis controlled by?

Answer 48

cytokines

Question 49

what is the cytokine called that controls red blood cell production?

Answer 49

erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 50

what is the process of erythropoiesis?

Answer 50

1. hypoxia (low O2) 2. EPO released by kidney 3. bone marrow 4. RBC production 5. increases hemoglobin 6. increases O2

Question 51

what cytokine controls platelet production?

Answer 51

thrombopoietin (TPO)

Question 52

where are platelets produced?

Answer 52

liver

Question 53

what two main things controls white blood cell production?

Answer 53

colony-stimulating factor interleukins

Question 54

what do interleukins do?

Answer 54

messengers from white BC to act on other white BC -differentiation of white BCs

Question 55

what do colony-stimulating factors do?

Answer 55

produces white BCs -made with endothelial cells, fibroblasts, leukocytes -able to determine differential white cell count (elevated=infection)