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Integrated Physiology > FINAL EXAM: Unit 6 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM: Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the three GI tract movements (migrating motor complex, peristalsis, segmental contractions)

A

migrating motor complex: b/w meals
peristalsis: during a meal, moves food forward
segmental: during a meal, alternate relaxtion & contraction

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2
Q

how does the enteric NS impact the GI tract?

A

no CNS, uses submucosal & myenteric plexuses (intrinsic)
-release NT, glial support cells
-diffusion barrier

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3
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

gastric acid secretion

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4
Q

what does CCK do?

A

gallbladder contraction (bile)
pancreatic secretions
inhibits gastric phase

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5
Q

what does secretin do?

A

HCO3- secretion
inhibit gastric phase

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6
Q

what does motilin do?

A

stimulates migrating motor complex

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7
Q

what does GIP do?

A

insulin release
inhibit gastric phase

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8
Q

what does GLP-1 do?

A

insulin release
inhibit gastric phase

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9
Q

what is the cephalic phase stimulated by?

A

anticipatory reflex, food in mouth

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10
Q

what does the cephalic phase do?

A

vagal reflex: increase gastrin
saliva production
mastication
swallowing reflex

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11
Q

what is the swallowing reflex pathway?

A
  1. tongue hits soft palate
  2. medulla oblongata stimulated
  3. CN9
  4. close nasopharynx
  5. upper esophagus sphincter relaxes
  6. peristaltic contractions
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12
Q

what stimulates the gastric phase?

A

vagal reflex, stomach distension (stretch)

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13
Q

what does the gastric phase do?

A

increase motility & secretions
segmental contractions (stirring)

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14
Q

what does the parietal cells secrete? functions?

A

HCl: activate pepsin, kill bacteria
Intrinsic factor: vitamin b12, absorption

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15
Q

what does the chief cells secrete? functions?

A

pepsin: breakdown proteins
gastric lipase: breakdown fats

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16
Q

what does the mucous cells secrete? functions?

A

mucus: barrier to acid
bicarbonate: increases pH

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17
Q

what does G cells secrete? functions?

A

gastrin: increases motility & acid secretion

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18
Q

what does D cells secrete? functions?

A

somatostatin: inhibit gastrin & HCl

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19
Q

what stimulates the intestinal phase?

A

chyme entering, change in pH

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20
Q

what does the small intestine secrete? functions?

A

peptidase: breakdown proteins
disaccharide: breakdown carbs
secretin & CCK: inhibit gastric phase, secrete digestive enzymes

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21
Q

what does the liver and gallbladder do?

A

synthesize and store bile (breakdown fats)

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22
Q

what are the pancreas endocrine secretions? functions?

A

insulin: glucose high, beta-islet
glucagon: glucose low, alpha-islet

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23
Q

what are the pancreas exocrine secretions? functions?

A

pancreatic amylase: breakdown carbs
pancreatic lipase: breakdown fats
peptidases: breakdown proteins & fats

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24
Q

what three enzymes help breakdown carbs?

A

salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase
disaccharides

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25
what is the pathway of carb breakdown?
1. polysaccharide (starch, glycogen) 2. disaccharide (maltose, sucrose, lactose) 3. monosaccharide 4. glucose & galactose -> Na+ dependent transport 5. fructose -> facilitated diffusion 6. hepatic portal system
26
what enzymes help breakdown proteins?
ENDO: pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin (cleave bonds in middle) EXO: carboxypeptidase, protease (cleave bonds on ends)
27
what is the pathway of protein breakdown?
1. polypeptidase broken by endo/exopeptidases 2. free amino acids 3. active transport, co-transport, transcytosis 4. hepatic portal system
28
what enzymes help breakdown fats?
salivary lipase bile collipase phospholipase
29
what is the pathway of fat breakdown?
1. fat broken down by bile 2. triglycerides broken down by lipase 3. monoglycerol & FAs form micelles 4. goes to the villi & microvilli 5. goes into intestinal cell -> smooth ER 6. converted back into triglycerides 7. triglyceride + cholesterol + protein = chylomicron 8. goes to lacteal
30
where do fat soluble vitamins go? water soluble?
fat soluble = lacteal water soluble = hepatic portal system
31
what three secretions does the hypothalamus release?
NYP: increase food intake Ghrelin: increase food intake Orexin: increase food intake
32
what is the difference b/w the glucostatic theory and the lipostatic theory with relating to hunger?
glucostatic: regulator is glucose metabolism lipostatic: regulator is fat stores, leptin increases satiety
33
what is the equation for total body energy?
energy stored + energy intake - energy output
34
what happens during anabolic rxns?
synthesize large molecules -storage -fed state
35
what happens during catabolic rxns?
breakdown large molecules -use for energy -fasted-state
36
what occurs during the fed state?
storage, insulin dominates (get glucose out of blood) -glycolysis (use up glucose) -lipogenesis (store fats) -glycogenesis (store glycogen) -protein synthesis (AA -> protein)
37
what occurs during the fasted state?
need energy, glucagon dominates (need more glucose in blood) -glycogenolysis (glycogen -> glucose) -gluconeogenesis (make more glucose) -lipolysis (make into monoglycerides) -beta-oxidation (make ketones)
38
what is the difference b/w Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Type 1: insulin deficient, autoimmune disease, tissue loss Type 2: insulin resistant, doesn't respond
39
what are examples of body temperature inputs and outputs?
inputs: radiation, conduction outputs: radiation, evaporation, convection
40
what are ways the body adapts to temperatures BELOW normal?
vasoconstrict shivering brown adipose tissue (uses proton gradient)
41
what are ways the body adapts to temperatures ABOVE normal?
vasodilate sweat
42
what is an example of mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, androgen, catecholamine? where do they go?
mineralocorticoid: aldosterone -> zona glomerula glucocorticoid: cortisol -> zona fasciculata androgen: testosterone -> zona reticularis catecholamine: E, NE -> adrenal medulla
43
what is the effect of cortisol on the GI tract?
promotes gluconeogensis (raise glucose) enhances lipolysis (need energy) creates low Ca2+ (decrease absorption, increase excretion) suppresses inflammatory response
44
what is the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
T + I = MIT (monoiodotyrosine) MIT + I = DIT (diiodotyrosine) MIT + DIT = T3 DIT + DIT = T4 *deiodinase = T4 -> T3 *
45
what does thyroglobulin do?
helps move T3 & T4 from the follicle -> blood backbone for thyroid hormone
46
what are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
low TRH hot weight loss fidgety increases HR autoantibody to increase T3 & T4
47
what are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?
high TRH iodine deficient cold weight gain brittle nails, thin hair, dry skin fatigue decreases HR low T3 & T4
48
what triggers the development of a goiter?
high TSH levels
49
how does growth hormone impact the body?
promotes gluconeogenesis (need glucose) stimulates cartilage growth (IGFs)
50
what does GH deficiency lead to? GH oversecretion?
deficent: dwarfism oversecretion: acromegaly (bones thicken), overgrowth of bones
51
how does tissue grow?
hypertrophy: increase in size hyperplasia: increase in number GH & IGFs (TH) insulin (put glucose in the cells)
52
what is osteoblast and osteoclast?
osteoblast: builds bone osteoclast: breaks down bone (bone resorption)
53
how do epiphyseal plates close?
chondrocytes -> cartilage (IGFs)
54
how does hypocalcemia impact Na+?
increases Na+ permeability -hyperexcitable
55
what three hormones control calcium levels?
parathyroid hormone calcitriol calcitonin
56
how does parathyroid hormone work?
active with LOW Ca2+ (put Ca2+ in the blood) -increase bone resorption -increase intestinal Ca2+ absorption -increase kidney Ca2+ reabsorption
57
how does calcitriol work? (vitamin D3)
active with LOW Ca2+ -enhances parathyroid hormone -skin -> liver -> kidney
58
how does calcitonin work?
active with HIGH Ca2+ (put Ca2+ in cells) -decrease bone resorption -decrease intestinal Ca2+ absorption -increase kidney Ca2+ excretion
59
how does the SRY of Y chromosome work?
1. produces TDF 2. secretes AMP (destroy mullerian) 3. secrete testosterone (wolffian) -> DHT (external genitals)
60
what is the pathway of spermatogenesis?
1. primary spermatocyte (1st meiosis) 2. secondary spermatocytes (2nd meiosis) 3. spermatids (4)
61
what is the pathway of oogenesis?
1. primary oocyte (1st meiosis, completed during puberty) 2. secondary oocyte (2nd meiosis, completed when fertilized) 3. ovum + polar body (1)
62
what does GnRH from the hypothalamus secrete?
LH & FSH
63
what do sertoli cells secrete? functions?
androgen binding protein: bind testosterone, keeps in testes inhibin: inhibit FSH activin: enhance FSH
64
what do leydig cells secrete?
testosterone
65
what do LH & FSH cells target?
LH: target leydig FSH: target sertoli
66
what are primordial follicles?
6-12 released each month to be matured
67
what happens during the early follicular phase?
increase FSH: maturation of follicles, activate granulosa granulosa: secrete AMH, stops further maturation of follicles thecal cells: secrete estrogen (+ on estrogen, - on FSH & LH)
68
what happens during the mid-late follicular phase?
increase estrogen: + on GnRH, LH, FSH LH surge: ovulation, completes meiosis 1 increase inhibin: decrease FSH
69
what happens during the early-mid luteal phase?
corpus luteum forms (secretes progesterone & estrogen) progesterone: - on GnRH, FSH, LH inhibin
70
what happens during the late luteal phase with NO FERTILIZATION?
corpus luteum destroyed: decrease progesterone & estrogen tonic levels of GnRH, FSH, LH return
71
what happens during the late luteal phase with FERTILIZATION?
corpus luteum stays: increase progesterone & estrogen 2nd meiotic division compelte
72
what happens during the proliferative phase?
overlaps with follicular phase increase estrogen: growth of endometrium
73
what happens during the secretory phase with NO FERTILIZATION?
endometrium dies & sheds vessels contract
74
what happens during the secretory phase with FERTILIZATION?
increase progesterone increase nutrients & blood supply
75
what are the four stages of procreation?
1. excitement 2. plateau 3. orgasm 4. resolution
76
what happens during pregnancy?
blastocyst implants increase progesterone & estrogen decrease FSH & LH
77
what do the sperm do during the beginning of pregnancy?
capacitance: finish maturation release enzymes to penetrate, zinc spark
78
what two secretions does the placenta release? functions?
hCG: keeps corpus luteum active, increase testosterone hCS: lactation, alter mom's metabolism
79
what three things happen during parturition?
CRH release: start labor relaxin & prostaglandin release: soften cervix, loosen ligaments pressure on cervix: increases oxytocin
80
what does prolactin and oxytocin do for lactation?
prolactin: milk production oxytocin: let-down reflex -> milk ejection

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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