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Integrated Physiology > Exam 5: Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Exam 5: Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

low blood O2

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2
Q

what is hypercapnia?

A

high blood CO2

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3
Q

what is the equation representing CO2 conversion into bicarbonate ion?

A

CO2 + H2O = H+ + HCO3-

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4
Q

which has a higher pressure of O2, alveoli or pulmonary capillaries?

A

alveoli
(alveoli –> pul. cap.)

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5
Q

which has a higher pressure of CO2, alveoli or pulmonary capillaries?

A

pulmonary capillaries
(alveoli <– pul. cap.)

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6
Q

which has a higher pressure of O2, the cells or systemic capillaries?

A

systemic capillaries
(systemic capillaries –> cells)

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7
Q

which has a higher pressure of CO2, the cells or systemic capillaries?

A

cells
(systemic capillaries <– cells)

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8
Q

how does a higher altitude effect pressure gradients in the lungs?

A

atmospheric pressure is lower than normal
-pressure gradient in the lungs is less strong
-decreases diffusion

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9
Q

what is hypoventilation?

A

lower volumes of air entering the alveoli

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10
Q

what are three ways that hypoventilation can occur?

A

-decreased lung compliance
-increased resistance
-CNS depression (alcohol poisoning, drug overdose)

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11
Q

what happens to diffusion when the concentration gradient increases?

A

diffusion increases

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12
Q

what happens to diffusion when surface area increases?

A

diffusion increases
-emphysema (destroys alveoli)

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13
Q

what happens to diffusion when permeability increases?

A

diffusion increases
-fibrotic lung disease

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14
Q

what happens to diffusion when distance increases?

A

diffusion decreases
-pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs)

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15
Q

what happens to diffusion when resistance increases?

A

diffusion decreases
-asthma

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16
Q

which has better O2 solubility, the alveoli or capillaries?

A

alveoli

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17
Q

which is more soluble, CO2 or O2?

A

CO2

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18
Q

which has a higher partial pressure, RBC or cells?

A

cells

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19
Q

what in the RBC binds O2?

A

hemoglobin
-iron+O2 = oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
-COOPERATIVE (changes shape so it can bind to other O2)

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20
Q

what happens to the Hb-O2 binding affinity when O2 increases?

A

increases Hb-O2 binding affinity
-Law of Mass Action: drive the unbinding too!

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21
Q

what happens to Hb-O2 binding affinity when plasma O2 partial pressure increases?

A

increases Hb-O2 binding affinity

22
Q

what does the plasma O2 partial pressure determine?

A

the % saturation of Hb

23
Q

what happens to O2 when Hb levels decrease?

A

decrease in O2 transported

24
Q

what happens when the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts right?

A

decrease in Hb-O2 binding affinity

25
Q

what happens to Hb-O2 binding affinity when temperature increases?

A

decreases Hb-O2 binding affinity

26
Q

what happens to Hb-O2 binding affinity when CO2 levels increase?

A

decreases Hb-O2 binding affinity

27
Q

what happens to Hb-O2 binding affinity when pH levels increase (basic)?

A

increases Hb-O2 binding affinity
-due to lesser amounts of CO2

28
Q

what happens to Hb-O2 binding affinity when 2,3-BPG levels increase?

A

decreases Hb-O2 binding affinity

29
Q

what is the process of O2 entering the body once it is in the alveoli?

A
  1. alveoli
  2. dissolved in plasma
  3. enters RBC and binds to Hb
  4. leaves RBC and dissolves in plasma
  5. enters cell
30
Q

what are the three ways CO2 is transported?

A
  1. dissolved in plasma
  2. bound to Hb (carbaminohemoglobin)
  3. converted to bicarbonate (MAJORITY)
31
Q

what is the process of CO2 getting converted to a bicarbonate in the RBC?

A
  1. converted using carbonic anhydrase in the RBC
  2. HCO3- exits RBC and goes into the plasma, Cl- goes into the RBC (antiporter)
  3. HCO3- goes back into the RBC and the rxn reverses back into CO2
  4. CO2 goes into the alveoli
  5. partial pressures push CO2 out of the body
32
Q

what respiratory muscles are skeletal muscles?

A

internal and external intercostals
-can move voluntarily

33
Q

what muscles does the medulla control?

A

both inspiratory and expiratory muscles
-contains the DRG, PRG, and VRG

34
Q

what is the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)?

A

contains the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

35
Q

what is the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)?

A

controls muscles of inspiration

36
Q

how does the DRG send its output?

A

through phrenic nerve (controls diaphragm) and intercostal nerves (controls intercostal muscles)

37
Q

what is the pontine respiratory groups (PRG)?

A

help decides how quickly DRG neurons fire
-smooth rhythm
-located in the pons (depth of ventilation)

38
Q

what is the ventral respiratory group (VRG)?

A

contains the pre-botzinger complex and other areas

39
Q

what does the pre-botzinger complex do?

A

has pacemaker cells that control rhythm of respiration
-controls firing fate of PRG

40
Q

what do the other areas in the VRG do?

A

controls active breathing muscles
controls expiration

41
Q

what happens to ventilation with a low O2, high CO2, and low pH?

A

increase ventilation
-get rid of CO2

42
Q

what happens to ventilation with a high O2, low CO2, and high pH?

A

decrease ventilation
-we need more CO2

43
Q

what are peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

receptors that detect changes in O2, CO2, and pH
-located outside the CNS in the carotid and aortic arteries

44
Q

what is the process of the peripheral receptors when O2 is low?

A
  1. low O2
  2. close K+ channels
  3. depolarization
  4. Ca2+ entry
  5. NT release
  6. brain
  7. increases ventilation

we need a large change in O2 to trigger this

45
Q

what are central chemoreceptors?

A

receptors that detect changes in CO2 (pH)

46
Q

what is the process of central chemoreceptors when CO2 is high?

A
  1. high CO2
  2. peripheral receptors
  3. BBB (blood brain barrier)
  4. CO2 -> HCO3-
  5. increases H+ (decrease pH)
  6. central chemoreceptors
  7. increase ventilation
47
Q

what are some protective reflexes in the respiratory system?

A

-physical injury or irritation (constriction, sneezing, coughing)
-overinflation (Hering-Breuer Response)

48
Q

what is the Hering-Breuer Response?

A
  1. increase in tidal volume (overinflation)
  2. activates mechanoreceptors (stretch)
  3. info sent to brain
  4. terminate inspiration
49
Q

how does the cerebrum and hypothalamus control the respiratory system?

A

works through the brainstem
-breath rate & depth
-we have some voluntary control of this (breathing techniques)

50
Q

how does the limbic system control the respiratory system?

A

emotions! (fear, excitement)
-bypasses brainstem!!!

51
Q

do we always have voluntary control of our respiratory system?

A

NO!
-eventually the medulla’s chemoreceptors take over

“you can only hold your breath for so long”

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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